DHAD Variants and Methods of Screening

ABSTRACT

Methods of screening for dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) variants that display increased DHAD activity are disclosed, along with DHAD variants identified by these methods. Such enzymes can result in increased production of compounds from DHAD requiring biosynthetic pathways. Also disclosed are isolated nucleic acids encoding the DHAD variants, recombinant host cells comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecules, and methods of producing butanol.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/789,204, filed Mar. 15, 2013; the entire contents of which are hereinincorporated by reference.

The content of the electronically submitted sequence listing, filedherewith, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under AgreementDE-AR0000006 awarded by the United States Department of Energy. TheGovernment has certain rights in this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of industrial microbiologyand dihydroxy-acid dehydratase variants for production pathways,including isobutanol biosynthetic pathways, in microorganisms. Theinvention also provides methods for screening for dihydroxy-aciddehydratase variants with improved characteristics. For example,dihydroxy-acid dehydratase variants are disclosed with increasedactivity compared to a parental dihydroxy-acid dehydratase.

BACKGROUND

Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD), also called acetohydroxy aciddehydratase, catalyzes the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate toα-ketoisovalerate and of 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate toα-ketomethylvalerate. The DHAD enzyme, classified by the EnzymeCommission (EC) number 4.2.1.9, is part of the naturally occurringbiosynthetic pathways that produce valine, isoleucine, leucine, andpantothenic acid (vitamin B5). DHAD-catalyzed conversion of2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate is also a common step inthe multiple isobutanol biosynthetic pathways that are disclosed, forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,851,188. Disclosed therein is engineering ofrecombinant microorganisms for production of isobutanol. Isobutanol isuseful as a fuel additive, and the availability of biologically-producedisobutanol can reduce the demand for petrochemical fuels.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides, for example, isolated polypeptides andfragments thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity.

One aspect of the invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof comprises one or more amino acid substitutions selectedfrom: (a) aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 33 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (b) glutamic acid at a position correspondingto position 62 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (c) valine at a positioncorresponding to position 115 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (d) glutamicacid at a position corresponding to position 116 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; (e) serine at a position corresponding to position 119 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (f) arginine at a position corresponding toposition 158 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (g) glutamine at a positioncorresponding to position 176 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (h) leucineat a position corresponding to position 179 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; (i) arginine at a position corresponding to position 322 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (j) serine at a position corresponding toposition 425 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (k) glycine at a positioncorresponding to position 524 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (l) valineor leucine at a position corresponding to position 562 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD; (m) arginine, cysteine, or glycine at a positioncorresponding to position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (n) glutamicacid at a position corresponding to position 564 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; and (o) aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 567of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.

In an embodiment of the invention, the polypeptide or fragment thereofcomprises a substitution of glutamic acid at a position corresponding toposition 564 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of glutamicacid at a position corresponding to position 62 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD, and a substitution of valine at a position corresponding toposition 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of asparticacid at a position corresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD, and a substitution of arginine at a position corresponding toposition 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of valine at aposition corresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. Inanother embodiment, the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises asubstitution of arginine at a position corresponding to position 563 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, the polypeptide orfragment thereof comprises a substitution of cysteine at a positioncorresponding to position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In anotherembodiment, the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitutionof glycine at a position corresponding to position 563 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD. In yet another embodiment, the polypeptide or fragmentthereof comprises a substitution of glycine at a position correspondingto position 524 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution ofglycine at a position corresponding to position 563 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD.

In an embodiment of the invention, the polypeptide or fragment thereofcomprises a substitution of valine at a position corresponding toposition 115 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, a substitution of arginine ata position corresponding to position 158 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD,and a substitution of aspartic acid at a position corresponding toposition 567 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of glutamicacid at a position corresponding to position 116 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD, and a substitution of serine at a position corresponding toposition 119 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of asparticacid at a position corresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD. In another embodiment, the polypeptide or fragment thereofcomprises a substitution of glutamic acid at a position corresponding toposition 62 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of leucine at aposition corresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. Inanother embodiment, the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises asubstitution of glutamine at a position corresponding to position 176 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD, a substitution of leucine at a positioncorresponding to position 179 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, asubstitution of arginine at a position corresponding to position 322 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution of arginine at a positioncorresponding to position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In yetanother embodiment, the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises asubstitution of serine at a position corresponding to position 425 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution of arginine at a positioncorresponding to position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to an isolated polypeptideor fragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises one or more aminoacid substitutions selected from: (a) glycine to aspartic acid at aposition corresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (b)aspartic acid to glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position62 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (c) methionine to valine at a positioncorresponding to position 115 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (d) glycineto glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 116 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (e) asparagine to serine at a positioncorresponding to position 119 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (f) glycineto arginine at a position corresponding to position 158 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD; (g) histidine to glutamine at a position corresponding toposition 176 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (h) histidine to leucine at aposition corresponding to position 179 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (i)glutamine to arginine at a position corresponding to position 322 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (j) alanine to serine at a positioncorresponding to position 425 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (k) glutamicacid to glycine at a position corresponding to position 524 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (l) phenylalanine to valine or leucine at aposition corresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (m)tryptophan to arginine, cysteine, or glycine at a position correspondingto position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (n) lysine to glutamicacid at a position corresponding to position 564 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; and (o) glutamic acid to aspartic acid at a position correspondingto position 567 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to an isolated polypeptideor fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof comprises one or more amino acid substitutions selectedfrom: (a) glycine to aspartic acid at position 33; (b) aspartic acid toglutamic acid at position 62; (c) methionine to valine at position 115;(d) glycine to glutamic acid at position 116; (e) asparagine to serineat position 119; (f) glycine to arginine at position 158; (g) histidineto glutamine at position 176; (h) histidine to leucine at position 179;(i) glutamine to arginine at position 322; (j) alanine to serine atposition 425; (k) glutamic acid to glycine at position 524; (l)phenylalanine to valine or leucine at position 562; (m) tryptophan toarginine, cysteine, or glycine at position 563; (n) lysine to glutamicacid at position 564; and (o) glutamic acid to aspartic acid at position567.

In certain embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity is a [2Fe-2S]²⁺ DHAD. In other embodiments, theisolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is a[4Fe-4S]²⁺ DHAD. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity catalyzes the conversion of2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate or catalyzes theconversion of 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to α-ketomethylvalerate.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity has an amino acid sequence thatmatches the Profile Hidden Markov Model (HMM) of Table 6 with an E valueof <10⁻⁵. In another embodiment, the isolated polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity comprises three conserved cysteinescorresponding to positions 56, 129, and 201 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD.

In other embodiments, the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity is from a prokaryotic organism. In certain embodiments, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is from bacteria,fungi, or plant. In a particular embodiment, the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity is from Streptococcus mutans.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:528 and has a glutamic acidat position 564. In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:528 and has a glutamic acidat position 564. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:528.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:532 and has a glutamic acidat position 62 and a valine at position 562. In other embodiments, theisolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprisesan amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:532and has a glutamic acid at position 62 and a valine at position 562. Inyet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:532.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:534 and has an aspartic acidat position 33 and an arginine at position 563. In other embodiments,the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQID NO:534 and has an aspartic acid at position 33 and an arginine atposition 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:534.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:537 and has a valine atposition 562. In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequence that is atleast 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:537 and has a valine at position 562.In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:537.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:540 and has an arginine atposition 563. In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequence that is atleast 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:540 and has an arginine at position563. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:540.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:545 and has a cysteine atposition 563. In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequence that is atleast 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:545 and has a cysteine at position 563.In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:545.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:572 and has a glycine atposition 563. In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequence that is atleast 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:572 and has a glycine at position 563.In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:572.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:548 and has a glycine atposition 524 and a glycine at position 563. In other embodiments, theisolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprisesan amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:548and has a glycine at position 524 and a glycine at position 563. In yetother embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:548.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:552 and has a valine atposition 115, an arginine at position 158, and an aspartic acid atposition 567. In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequence that is atleast 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:552 and has a valine at position 115,an arginine at position 158, and an aspartic acid at position 567. Inyet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:552.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:555 and has a glutamic acidat position 116 and a serine at position 119. In other embodiments, theisolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprisesan amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:555and has a glutamic acid at position 116 and a serine at position 119. Inyet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:555.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:557 and has an aspartic acidat position 33. In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:557 and has an aspartic acidat position 33. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:557.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:561 and has a glutamic acidat position 62. In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:561 and has a glutamic acidat position 62. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:561.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:563 and has a leucine atposition 562. In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequence that is atleast 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:563 and has a leucine at position 562.In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:563.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:566 and has a glutamine atposition 176, a leucine at position 179, an arginine at position 322,and an arginine at position 563. In other embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an aminoacid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:566 and has aglutamine at position 176, a leucine at position 179, an arginine atposition 322, and an arginine at position 563. In yet other embodiments,the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:566.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:569 and has a serine atposition 425 and an arginine at position 563. In other embodiments, theisolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprisesan amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:569and has a serine at position 425 and an arginine at position 563. In yetother embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:569.

In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof hasDHAD activity that is increased relative to the DHAD activity of thepolypeptide or fragment thereof without substitutions.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to an isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises one or more amino acidsubstitutions selected from: (a) glycine to aspartic acid at a positioncorresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (b) asparticacid to glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 62 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (c) methionine to valine at a positioncorresponding to position 115 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (d) glycineto glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 116 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (e) asparagine to serine at a positioncorresponding to position 119 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (f) glycineto arginine at a position corresponding to position 158 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD; (g) histidine to glutamine at a position corresponding toposition 176 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (h) histidine to leucine at aposition corresponding to position 179 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (i)glutamine to arginine at a position corresponding to position 322 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (j) alanine to serine at a positioncorresponding to position 425 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (k) glutamicacid to glycine at a position corresponding to position 524 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (l) phenylalanine to valine or leucine at aposition corresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (m)tryptophan to arginine, cysteine, or glycine at a position correspondingto position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (n) lysine to glutamicacid at a position corresponding to position 564 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; and (o) glutamic acid to aspartic acid at a position correspondingto position 567 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.

In an embodiment of the invention, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof comprising a substitution of glutamic acid at a positioncorresponding to position 564 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In anotherembodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof comprising asubstitution of glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 62of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution of valine at a positioncorresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In anotherembodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof comprising asubstitution of aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 33of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution of arginine at aposition corresponding to position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. Inanother embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofcomprising a substitution of valine at a position corresponding toposition 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, theisolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence thatencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof comprising a substitution ofarginine at a position corresponding to position 563 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD. In another embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof comprising a substitution of cysteine at a positioncorresponding to position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In anotherembodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof comprising asubstitution of glycine at a position corresponding to position 563 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, the isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof comprising a substitution of glycine ata position corresponding to position 524 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD,and a substitution of glycine at a position corresponding to position563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.

In another embodiment of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof comprising a substitution of valine at a positioncorresponding to position 115 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, asubstitution of arginine at a position corresponding to position 158 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution of aspartic acid at aposition corresponding to position 567 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. Inanother embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofcomprising a substitution of glutamic acid at a position correspondingto position 116 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution ofserine at a position corresponding to position 119 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD. In another embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof comprising a substitution of aspartic acid at a positioncorresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In anotherembodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof comprising asubstitution of glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 62of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, the isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof comprising a substitution of leucine ata position corresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.In another embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofcomprising a substitution of glutamine at a position corresponding toposition 176 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, a substitution of leucine ata position corresponding to position 179 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, asubstitution of arginine at a position corresponding to position 322 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution of arginine at a positioncorresponding to position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In yetanother embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofcomprising a substitution of serine at a position corresponding toposition 425 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution ofarginine at a position corresponding to position 563 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to an isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD)activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises one ormore amino acid substitutions selected from: (a) glycine to asparticacid at position 33; (b) aspartic acid to glutamic acid at position 62;(c) methionine to valine at position 115; (d) glycine to glutamic acidat position 116; (e) asparagine to serine at position 119; (f) glycineto arginine at position 158; (g) histidine to glutamine at position 176;(h) histidine to leucine at position 179; (i) glutamine to arginine atposition 322; (j) alanine to serine at position 425; (k) glutamic acidto glycine at position 524; (l) phenylalanine to valine or leucine atposition 562; (m) tryptophan to arginine, cysteine, or glycine atposition 563; (n) lysine to glutamic acid at position 564; and (o)glutamic acid to aspartic acid at position 567.

In certain embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprisinga nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity comprises a sequenceselected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:527, SEQ ID NO:529, SEQID NO:530, SEQ ID NO:531, SEQ ID NO:533, SEQ ID NO:535, SEQ ID NO:536,SEQ ID NO:538, SEQ ID NO:539, SEQ ID NO:606, SEQ ID NO:541, SEQ IDNO:542, SEQ ID NO:543, SEQ ID NO:544, SEQ ID NO:546, SEQ ID NO:547, SEQID NO:549, SEQ ID NO:550, SEQ ID NO:551, SEQ ID NO:553, SEQ ID NO:554,SEQ ID NO:556, SEQ ID NO:558, SEQ ID NO:559, SEQ ID NO:560, SEQ IDNO:562, SEQ ID NO:564, SEQ ID NO:565, SEQ ID NO:567, SEQ ID NO:568, SEQID NO:570, and SEQ ID NO:571.

In other embodiments, the invention is directed to an isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD)activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity is a [2Fe-2S]²⁺ DHAD. In other embodiments, the invention isdirected to an isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity is a [4Fe-4S]²⁺ DHAD. In other embodiments, the invention isdirected to an isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity catalyzes the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate toα-ketoisovalerate or catalyzes the conversion of2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to α-ketomethylvalerate.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof has an amino acid sequencethat matches the Profile Hidden Markov Model (HMM) of Table 6 with an Evalue of <10⁻⁵. In another embodiment, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof comprises three conserved cysteines corresponding topositions 56, 129, and 201 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity is from a prokaryotic organism. Incertain embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity from bacteria, fungi, or plant. In a particularembodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity from Streptococcus mutans.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:528 and has a glutamic acidat position 564. In other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity is at least 95% identical to SEQID NO:528 and has a glutamic acid at position 564. In yet otherembodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:528.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:532 and has a glutamic acid at position 62 and a valine atposition 562. In other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:532and has a glutamic acid at position 62 and a valine at position 562. Inyet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:532.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:534 and has an aspartic acid at position 33 and an arginine atposition 563. In other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:534and has an aspartic acid at position 33 and an arginine at position 563.In yet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprisesa nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:534.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:537 and has a valine at position 562. In other embodiments, theisolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence thatencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, whereinthe polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO:537 and has a valine at position 562. In yetother embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:537.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:540 and has an arginine at position 563. In other embodiments, theisolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence thatencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, whereinthe polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO:540 and has an arginine at position 563. In yetother embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:540.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:545 and has a cysteine at position 563. In other embodiments, theisolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence thatencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, whereinthe polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO:545 and has a cysteine at position 563. In yetother embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:545.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:572 and has a glycine at position 563. In other embodiments, theisolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence thatencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, whereinthe polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO:572 and has a glycine at position 563. In yetother embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:572.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:548 and has a glycine at position 524 and a glycine at position563. In other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:548and has a glycine at position 524 and a glycine at position 563. In yetother embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:548.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:552 and has a valine at position 115, an arginine at position 158,and an aspartic acid at position 567. In other embodiments, the isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO:552 and has a valine at position 115, an arginineat position 158, and an aspartic acid at position 567. In yet otherembodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:552.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:555 and has a glutamic acid at position 116 and a serine atposition 119. In other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:555and has a glutamic acid at position 116 and a serine at position 119. Inyet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:555.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:557 and has an aspartic acid at position 33. In other embodiments,the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequencethat encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is atleast 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:557 and has an aspartic acid atposition 33. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:557.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:561 and has a glutamic acid at position 62. In other embodiments,the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequencethat encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is atleast 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:561 and has a glutamic acid at position62. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:561.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:563 and has a leucine at position 562. In other embodiments, theisolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence thatencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, whereinthe polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO:563 and has a leucine at position 562. In yetother embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:563.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:566 and has a glutamine at position 176, a leucine at position179, an arginine at position 322, and an arginine at position 563. Inother embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:566 and has aglutamine at position 176, a leucine at position 179, an arginine atposition 322, and an arginine at position 563. In yet other embodiments,the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequencethat encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:566.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to SEQID NO:569 and has a serine at position 425 and an arginine at position563. In other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:569and has a serine at position 425 and an arginine at position 563. In yetother embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:569.

In other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment has DHAD activity that is increased relative tothe DHAD activity of the polypeptide or fragment thereof withoutsubstitutions.

In certain embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule isoperatively linked to a promoter sequence. In other embodiments, theisolated polynucleotide molecule is comprised within a vector.

The invention also provides polypeptides encoded by the isolated nucleicacid molecules described herein.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to a recombinant host cellcomprising the isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention or avector of the invention. In certain embodiments, the DHAD encoded by theisolated nucleic acid molecule is heterologous to the recombinant hostcell. In other embodiments, the DHAD encoded by the isolated nucleicacid molecule is over-expressed in the recombinant host cell.

In still other embodiments, the recombinant host cell of the inventionis a bacterial cell or a yeast cell. In some embodiments, therecombinant host cell of the invention is a bacterial cell, and thebacterial cell is a member of a genus of bacteria selected fromClostridium, Zymomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Rhodococcus,Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus,Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium,Brevibacterium, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, andStreptococcus. In other embodiments, the recombinant host cell of theinvention is a yeast cell, and the yeast cell is a member of a genus ofyeast selected from Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Hansenula,Kluyveromyces, Candida, Pichia, and Yarrowia. In other embodiments, therecombinant host cell of the invention is Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromycesthermotolerans, Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Pichia stipitis, orYarrowia lipolytica. In another embodiment, the recombinant host cell ofthe invention is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In some embodiments, the recombinant host cell of the invention is ayeast cell and the yeast cell further comprises a disruption in anendogenous ILV3 gene that encodes mitochondrial DHAD. In otherembodiments, the yeast cell further comprises a disruption in one ormore endogenous genes affecting iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesisselected from FRA2, GRX3, and GRX4. In yet other embodiments, the yeastcell has been further genetically engineered to upregulate the activityof at least one gene selected from AFT1 and AFT2.

In some embodiments, the recombinant host cell of the invention is abacterial cell, and the bacterial cell is a Lactobacillus. In otherembodiments, the Lactobacillus further comprises at least onerecombinant genetic expression element encoding iron-sulfur (Fe—S)cluster forming proteins. In yet other embodiments, the recombinantgenetic expression element encoding iron-sulfur cluster forming proteinscontains coding regions of an operon selected from Isc, Suf, and Nifoperons. In some embodiments, the Suf operon comprises at least onecoding region selected from SufC, SufD, SufS, SufU, SufB, SufA, andyseH. In some embodiments, the Suf operon is derived from Lactococcuslactis or Lactobacillus plantarum. In some embodiments, the Isc operoncomprises at least one coding region selected from IscS, IscU, IscA,IscX, HscA, HscB, and Fdx. In some embodiments, the Isc operon isderived from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the Nif operoncomprises at least one coding region selected from NifS and NifU. Insome embodiments, the Nif operon is derived from Wolinella succinogenes.

In some embodiments, the recombinant host cell of the invention producesbutanol, for example, isobutanol. In other embodiments, the recombinanthost cell of the invention comprises an isobutanol biosynthetic pathway.In some embodiments, the isobutanol biosynthetic pathway comprises genesencoding acetolactate synthase, acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase,DHAD, α-keto acid decarboxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase. In anotherembodiment, the isobutanol biosynthetic pathway comprises the followingsubstrate to product conversions: (i) pyruvate to acetolactate; (ii)acetolactate to 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate; (iii) 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerateto α-ketoisovalerate; (iv) α-ketoisovalerate to isobutyraldehyde; and(v) isobutyraldehyde to isobutanol.

The substrate to product conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate can becatalyzed in some embodiments by an acetolactate synthase. The substrateto product conversion of acetolactate to 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate can becatalyzed in some embodiments by a ketol-acid reductoisomerase. Thesubstrate to product conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate toα-ketoisovalerate can be catalyzed in some embodiments by a DHAD. Thesubstrate to product conversion of α-ketoisovalerate to isobutyraldehydecan be catalyzed in some embodiments by an α-keto acid decarboxylase.The substrate to product conversion of isobutyraldehyde to isobutanolcan be catalyzed in some embodiments by an alcohol dehydrogenase.

In some embodiments, two or more of: acetolactate synthase, ketol-acidreductoisomerase, and α-keto acid decarboxylase are heterologous to therecombinant host cell. In other embodiments, two or more of:acetolactate synthase, ketol-acid reductoisomerase, and α-keto aciddecarboxylase are over-expressed in the recombinant host cell.

In some embodiments, the recombinant host cell comprising an isolatednucleic acid molecule of the invention produces an isobutanol titer thatis increased as compared to a recombinant host cell that does notcontain a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprising one or more amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments,the recombinant host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid moleculeproduces isobutanol at a rate that is increased by from about 10% toabout 300% as compared to a recombinant host cell that does not containa polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprising one ormore amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the recombinant hostcell comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecules produces isobutanolat a rate that is increased by at least about 10%, at least about 20%,at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least about 50% ascompared to a recombinant host cell that does not contain a polypeptideor fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprising one or more aminoacid substitutions. In other embodiments, the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity is expressed in the cytosol, or thepolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity and the ketol-acidreductoisomerase are expressed in the cytosol.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to a method for theproduction of butanol, for example, isobutanol, comprising providing arecombinant host cell comprising an isolated nucleic acid molecule ofthe invention; culturing the recombinant host cell in a fermentationmedium under suitable conditions to produce isobutanol from pyruvate;and recovering the isobutanol. In some embodiments, the isobutanol isproduced at a titer that is increased as compared to a recombinant hostcell that does not contain a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity comprising one or more amino acid substitutions. In otherembodiments, the isobutanol is produced at a rate that is increased byfrom about 10% to about 300% as compared to a recombinant host cell thatdoes not contain a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprising one or more amino acid substitutions. In other embodiments,the isobutanol is produced at a rate that is increased by at least about10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or atleast about 50% as compared to a recombinant host cell that does notcontain a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprising one or more amino acid substitutions. In another embodiment,the concentration of isobutanol in the fermentation medium is greaterthan or equal to about 20 mM. In another embodiment, the concentrationof isobutanol in the fermentation medium is from about 30 mM to about 50mM.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to a method of converting2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate or2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to α-ketomethylvalerate, comprisingproviding an isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof of the invention,wherein the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof catalyzes theconversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate or2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to α-ketomethylvalerate. In some embodimentsof the method to convert 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerateor 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to α-ketomethylvalerate, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof is comprised within a recombinant hostcell.

In some embodiments of the method to convert 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate toα-ketoisovalerate or 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate toα-ketomethylvalerate, the recombinant host cell is cultured in afermentation medium under suitable conditions to produce isobutanol frompyruvate, and the isobutanol is recovered. In some embodiments, theisobutanol is recovered by distillation, liquid-liquid extraction,adsorption, decantation, pervaporation, or combinations thereof. In someembodiments, solids are removed from the fermentation medium. In someembodiments, solids are removed from the fermentation medium bycentrifugation, filtration, decantation, or combinations thereof. Inother embodiments, the solids are removed before the isobutanol isrecovered. In other embodiments, the conversion of2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate or2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to α-ketomethylvalerate is improved ascompared to a control conversion under the same conditions with acontrol polypeptide having DHAD activity which does not comprise anamino acid substitution.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to a composition comprisingone or more recombinant host cells of the invention, and a fermentablecarbon substrate.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to a composition comprisingone or more recombinant host cells of the invention, and isobutanol. Inother embodiments, the composition further comprises an extractant.

In some embodiments of the method of screening DHAD protein variants,the weak promoter is a truncated Leu2 promoter. In certain embodiments,the truncated Leu2 promoter is SEQ ID NO:575. In other embodiments ofthe method of screening DHAD protein variants, the weak promoter is atruncated FBA promoter. In certain embodiments, the truncated FBApromoter is SEQ ID NO:576.

In some embodiments of the method of screening DHAD protein variants,the low copy number plasmid has a copy number of one or two in yeast. Incertain embodiments, the low copy number plasmid is pRS413.

In other embodiments of the method of screening DHAD protein variants,the growth of the strain is under oxygen limiting conditions. In yetother embodiments, the yeast strain is further transformed with genesencoding acetolactate synthase, acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase,α-keto acid decarboxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase. In certainembodiments of the method of screening DHAD protein variants, the methodfurther comprises determining the rate of isobutanol production of thetransformants.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to isolated polynucleotidescomprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a DHAD variant obtained bythe methods of screening DHAD protein variants described herein. Theinvention is also directed to isolated DHAD variant polypeptides encodedby these nucleic acid sequences.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to recombinant host cellstransformed with an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising thenucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:573. Another aspect of the inventionis directed to recombinant host cells transformed with an isolatednucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:574.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a partof the specification, illustrate the present invention and, togetherwith the description, further serve to explain the principles of theinvention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to makeand use the invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of plasmid pRS423 Leu2p(75)-IlvD (sm)GPMp-ADH (SEQ ID NO:549).

FIG. 2 shows biosynthetic pathways for isobutanol production.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the PNY2204 locus(pdc1Δ::ilvD::pUC19-kan::FBA-alsS::TRX1).

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For improved production of compounds synthesized in pathways includingdihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD), it is desirable to express aheterologous DHAD enzyme that provides this enzymatic activity in theproduction host of interest. However, there exists a need foralternative DHAD enzymes and DHAD variants that display increasedactivity as compared to a parental DHAD enzyme in heterologous organismsand for screening methods to identify such enzymes and variants. Suchenzymes and variants can be employed for production of compounds fromDHAD-requiring biosynthetic pathways.

The present invention satisfies these and other needs, and providesfurther related advantages, as will be made apparent by the descriptionof the embodiments that follow.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. In case of conflict, thepresent application including the definitions will control. Also, unlessotherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralitiesand plural terms shall include the singular. All publications, patentsand other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference intheir entireties for all purposes.

Definitions

In order to further define this invention, the following terms anddefinitions are herein provided.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “having,” “contains,” or “containing,” or any othervariation thereof, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a statedinteger or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integeror group of integers. For example, a composition, a mixture, a process,a method, an article, or an apparatus that comprises a list of elementsis not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include otherelements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture,process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly statedto the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusiveor. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of thefollowing: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A isfalse (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B aretrue (or present).

As used herein, the term “consists of,” or variations such as “consistof” or “consisting of,” as used throughout the specification and claims,indicate the inclusion of any recited integer or group of integers, butthat no additional integer or group of integers can be added to thespecified method, structure, or composition.

As used herein, the term “consists essentially of,” or variations suchas “consist essentially of” or “consisting essentially of,” as usedthroughout the specification and claims, indicate the inclusion of anyrecited integer or group of integers, and the optional inclusion of anyrecited integer or group of integers that do not materially change thebasic or novel properties of the specified method, structure orcomposition.

Also, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element orcomponent of the invention are intended to be nonrestrictive regardingthe number of instances, that is, occurrences of the element orcomponent. Therefore, “a” or “an” should be read to include one or atleast one, and the singular word form of the element or component alsoincludes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.

The terms “invention” or “present invention” as used herein arenon-limiting terms and are not intended to refer to any singleembodiment of the particular invention but encompass all possibleembodiments as described in the application.

As used herein, the term “about” modifying the quantity of an ingredientor reactant of the invention employed refers to variation in thenumerical quantity that can occur, for example, through typicalmeasuring and liquid handling procedures used for making concentrates orsolutions in the real world; through inadvertent error in theseprocedures; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity ofthe ingredients employed to make the compositions or to carry out themethods; and the like. The term “about” also encompasses amounts thatdiffer due to different equilibrium conditions for a compositionresulting from a particular initial mixture. Whether or not modified bythe term “about”, the claims include equivalents to the quantities. Inone embodiment, the term “about” means within 10% of the reportednumerical value; in another embodiment, within 5% of the reportednumerical value.

The term “alcohol” as used herein refers to any of a series of hydroxylcompounds, the simplest of which are derived from saturatedhydrocarbons, having the general formula C_(n)H_(2n)+1OH. Examples ofalcohol include ethanol and butanol.

The term “butanol” as used herein refers to n-butanol, 2-butanol,isobutanol, tert-butyl alcohol, individually or any mixtures thereof.Butanol can be from a biological source (i.e., biobutanol), for example.

The term “[2Fe-2S]²⁺ DHAD” refers to DHAD enzymes having a bound[2Fe-2S]²⁺ iron-sulfur cluster.

The term “[4Fe-4S]²⁺ DHAD” refers to DHAD enzymes having a bound[4Fe-4S]²⁺ iron-sulfur cluster.

The term “acetohydroxy acid dehydratase” and “dihydroxy-aciddehydratase” (“DHAD”) refers to a polypeptide having enzyme activitythat catalyzes the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate toα-ketoisovalerate or the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate toα-ketomethylvalerate. Example dihydroxy-acid dehydratases are known bythe EC number 4.2.1.9. Such enzymes are available from a vast array ofmicroorganisms including, but not limited to, Escherichia coli (GenBankNos: YP_026248, NC_000913), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GenBank Nos:NP_012550, NC_001142), Methanococcus maripaludis (GenBank Nos: CAF29874,BX957219), Bacillus subtilis (GenBank Nos: CAB14105, Z99115),Lactobacillus lactis, and Neurospora crassa. U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2010/0081154 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,851,188, both of whichare incorporated herein by reference, describe dihydroxy-aciddehydratases including a dihydroxy-acid dehydratase from Streptococcusmutans (nucleic acid: SEQ ID NO:167; amino acid: SEQ ID NO:168).Dihydroxy-acid dehydratases also include, for example, the variantdihydroxy-acid dehydratases described herein.

“Increased” or “improved” properties of the DHAD variants of theinvention is assessed in comparison to other DHAD enzymes, for example,a wild type DHAD, a parent DHAD, a non-substituted DHAD, or otherreference DHAD. Such assessments include, but are not limited to, enzymestability, solubility, activity, expression level, substrate to productconversion and/or isobutanol production. Methods for making theseassessments are known and described in the present application.

The term “isobutanol biosynthetic pathway” as used herein refers to anenzyme pathway to produce isobutanol from pyruvate.

The terms “acetohydroxyacid synthase,” “acetolactate synthase,” and“acetolactate synthetase” (abbreviated “ALS”) are used interchangeablyherein to refer to a polypeptide having enzyme activity that catalyzesthe conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate and CO₂. Example acetolactatesynthases are known by the EC number 2.2.1.6 (Enzyme Nomenclature 1992,Academic Press, San Diego). These enzymes are available from a number ofsources including, but not limited to, Bacillus subtilis (GenBank Nos.CAB07802.1, CAB15618, and Z99122, NCBI (National Center forBiotechnology Information) amino acid sequence, NCBI nucleotidesequence, respectively), Klebsiella pneumoniae (GenBank Nos. AAA25079and M73842), and Lactococcus lactis (GenBank Nos. AAA25161 and L16975).

The terms “ketol-acid reductoisomerase” (“KARI”), “acetohydroxy acidreductoisomerase,” and “acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase” are usedinterchangeably herein to refer a polypeptide having enzyme activitythat catalyzes the reaction of (S)-acetolactate to2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate. Example KARI enzymes are classified as ECnumber 1.1.1.86 (Enzyme Nomenclature 1992, Academic Press, San Diego),and are available from a vast array of microorganisms including, but notlimited to, Escherichia coli (GenBank Nos. NP_418222 and NC_000913),Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GenBank Nos. NP_013459 and NC_001144),Methanococcus maripaludis (GenBank Nos. CAF30210 and BX957220), andBacillus subtilis (GenBank Nos. CAB14789 and Z99118). KARIs include, forexample, Anaerostipes caccae KARI variants “K9G9,” “K9D3,” and “K9JB4P”(SEQ ID NO:569). k9jb4pKARI enzymes are also described in U.S. Pat. Nos.7,910,342 and 8,129,162, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2010/0197519, and PCT Application Publication Nos. WO2011/041415 andWO2012/129555, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.Examples of KARIs disclosed therein include those from Lactococcuslactis, Vibrio cholera, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, Pseudomonasfluorescens PF5, and Anaerostipes caccae. In some embodiments, the KARImay utilize NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). In someembodiments, the KARI may utilize NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate).

The terms “branched-chain α-keto acid decarboxylase,” “α-ketoaciddecarboxylase,” “α-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase,” and“2-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase” (“KIVD”) are used interchangeablyherein to refer to a polypeptide having enzyme activity that catalyzesthe conversion of α-ketoisovalerate to isobutyraldehyde and CO₂. Examplebranched-chain α-keto acid decarboxylases are known by the EC number4.1.1.72 and are available from a number of sources including, but notlimited to, Lactococcus lactis (GenBank Nos. AAS49166, AY548760,CAG34226, and AJ746364), Salmonella typhimurium (GenBank Nos. NP_461346and NC_003197), Clostridium acetobutylicum (GenBank Nos. NP_149189 andNC_001988), Macrococcus caseolyticus, and Listeria grayi.

The terms “branched-chain alcohol dehydrogenase” and “alcoholdehydrogenase” (“ADH”) are used interchangeably herein to refer to apolypeptide having enzyme activity that catalyzes the conversion ofisobutyraldehyde to isobutanol. Example branched-chain alcoholdehydrogenases are known by the EC number 1.1.1.265, but can also beclassified under other alcohol dehydrogenases (e.g., EC numbers 1.1.1.1or 1.1.1.2). Alcohol dehydrogenases can be, for example, NADPH dependentor NADH dependent. Such enzymes are available from a number of sourcesincluding, but not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GenBank Nos.NP_010656, NC_001136, NP_014051, and NC_001145), Escherichia coli(GenBank Nos. NP_417484 and NC_000913), and Clostridium acetobutylicum(GenBank Nos. NP_349892, NC_003030, NP_349891, and NC_003030). U.S. Pat.No. 8,188,250 (incorporated herein by reference) describes SadB, analcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Achromobacter xylosoxidans. Alcoholdehydrogenases also include horse liver ADH and Beijerinkia indica ADH(as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0269199,which is incorporated herein by reference).

The terms “carbon substrate” and “fermentable carbon substrate” are usedinterchangeably herein to refer to a carbon source capable of beingmetabolized by host organisms of the present invention and particularlycarbon sources selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides,oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and one-carbon substrates or mixturesthereof. Carbon substrates can include six-carbon (C6) and five-carbon(C5) sugars and mixtures thereof, such as, for example, glucose,sucrose, or xylose.

The term “polynucleotide” as used herein encompasses a singular nucleicacid as well as plural nucleic acids, and refers to a nucleic acidmolecule or construct, for example, messenger RNA (mRNA) or plasmid DNA(pDNA). A polynucleotide can contain the nucleotide sequence of thefull-length cDNA sequence, or a fragment thereof, including theuntranslated 5′ and 3′ sequences and the coding sequences. Thepolynucleotide can be composed of any polyribonucleotide orpolydeoxyribonucleotide, which can be unmodified RNA or DNA or modifiedRNA or DNA. For example, polynucleotides can be composed of single- anddouble-stranded DNA, DNA that is a mixture of single- anddouble-stranded regions, single- and double-stranded RNA, and RNA thatis mixture of single- and double-stranded regions, hybrid moleculescomprising DNA and RNA that can be single-stranded or, more typically,double-stranded or a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions.“Polynucleotide” embraces chemically, enzymatically, or metabolicallymodified forms.

The term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid fragment that is capable ofbeing expressed as a specific protein, optionally including regulatorysequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′non-coding sequences) the coding sequence. “Native gene” refers to agene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences. “Chimericgene” refers to any gene that is not a native gene, comprisingregulatory and coding sequences that are not found together in nature.Accordingly, a chimeric gene can comprise regulatory sequences andcoding sequences that are derived from different sources, or regulatorysequences and coding sequences derived from the same source, butarranged in a manner different than that found in nature. “Endogenousgene” refers to a native gene in its natural location in the genome ofan organism. A “foreign gene” or “heterologous gene” refers to a genenot normally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into thehost organism by gene transfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genesinserted into a non-native organism, or chimeric genes. A “transgene” isa gene that has been introduced into the genome by a transformationprocedure.

As used herein, the term “coding region” refers to a DNA sequence thatcodes for a specific amino acid sequence. “Suitable regulatorysequences” refers to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences)of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNAprocessing or stability, or translation of the associated codingsequence. Regulatory sequences can include promoters, translation leadersequences, introns, polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNAprocessing site, effector binding site and stem-loop structure.

“Regulatory sequences” refers to nucleotide sequences located upstream(5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-codingsequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription,RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated codingsequence. Regulatory sequences can include promoters, enhancers,operators, repressors, transcription termination signals, translationleader sequences, introns, polyadenylation recognition sequences, RNAprocessing site, effector binding site and stem-loop structure.

The term “promoter” refers to a DNA sequence capable of controlling theexpression of a coding sequence or functional RNA. In general, a codingsequence is located 3′ to a promoter sequence. Promoters can be derivedin their entirety from a native gene, or composed of different elementsderived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprisesynthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilled in the artthat different promoters can direct the expression of a gene indifferent tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development,or in response to different environmental or physiological conditions.Promoters which cause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at mosttimes are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters.” It isfurther recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries ofregulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments ofdifferent lengths can have identical promoter activity.

The term “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acidsequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of oneis affected by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linkedwith a coding sequence when it is capable of effecting the expression ofthat coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under thetranscriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can beoperably linked to regulatory sequences in sense or antisenseorientation.

The term “expression” as used herein refers to the transcription andstable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or antisense RNA derived from thenucleic acid fragment of the invention. Expression can also refer totranslation of mRNA into a polypeptide.

The term “over-expression” as used herein refers to expression that ishigher than endogenous expression of the same or related polynucleotideor gene. A heterologous polynucleotide or gene is also over-expressed ifits expression is higher than that of a comparable endogenous gene, orif its expression is higher than that of the same polynucleotide or geneintroduced by a means that does not over-express the polynucleotide orgene. For example, a polynucleotide can be expressed in a host cell froma low copy number plasmid, which is present in only limited or fewcopies, and the same polynucleotide can be over-expressed in a host cellfrom a high copy number plasmid or a plasmid with a copy number that canbe regulated, which is present in multiple copies. Any means can be usedto over-express a polynucleotide, so long as it increases the copies ofthe polynucleotide in the host cell. In addition to using a high copynumber plasmid or a plasmid with a copy number that can be regulated, apolynucleotide can be over-expressed by multiple chromosomalintegrations.

Expression or over-expression of a polypeptide of the invention in arecombinant host cell can be quantified according to any number ofmethods known to the skilled artisan and can be represented, forexample, by a percent of total cell protein. The percent of totalprotein can be an amount selected from greater than about 0.001% oftotal cell protein; greater than about 0.01% of total cell protein;greater than about 0.1% of total cell protein; greater than about 0.5%of total cell protein; greater than about 1.0% of total cell protein;greater than about 2.0% of total cell protein; greater than about 3.0%of total cell protein; greater than about 4.0% of total cell protein;greater than about 5.0% of total cell protein; greater than about 6.0%of total cell protein; greater than about 7.0% of total cell protein;greater than about 8.0% of total cell protein; greater than about 9.0%of total cell protein; greater than about 10% of total cell protein; orgreater than about 20% of total cell protein. In one embodiment, theamount of polypeptide expressed is greater than about 0.5% of total cellprotein. In another embodiment, the amount of polypeptide expressed isgreater than about 1.0% of total cell protein or greater than about 2.0%of total cell protein.

As used herein, the term “transformation” refers to the transfer of anucleic acid fragment into a host organism, resulting in geneticallystable inheritance. Host organisms containing the transformed nucleicacid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” or “recombinant” or“transformed” organisms.

The terms “plasmid” and “vector” as used herein refer to an extrachromosomal element often carrying genes which are not part of thecentral metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circulardouble-stranded DNA molecules. Such elements can be autonomouslyreplicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotidesequences, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA orRNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequenceshave been joined or recombined into a unique construction which iscapable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for aselected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequenceinto a cell.

A “recombinant host cell” is defined as a host cell that has beengenetically manipulated to express a biosynthetic production pathway,wherein the host cell either produces a biosynthetic product in greaterquantities relative to an unmodified host cell or produces abiosynthetic product that is not ordinarily produced by an unmodifiedhost cell.

The term “engineered” as applied to a isobutanol biosynthetic pathwayrefers to the isobutanol biosynthetic pathway that is manipulated, suchthat the carbon flux from pyruvate through the engineered isobutanolbiosynthetic pathway is maximized, thereby producing an increased amountof isobutanol directly from the fermentable carbon substrate. Suchengineering includes expression of heterologous polynucleotides orpolypeptides, over-expression of endogenous polynucleotides orpolypeptides, cytosolic localization of proteins that do not naturallylocalize to cytosol, increased cofactor availability, decreased activityof competitive pathways, etc.

The term “codon optimized” as it refers to genes or coding regions ofnucleic acid molecules for transformation of various hosts, refers tothe alteration of codons in the gene or coding regions of the nucleicacid molecules to reflect the typical codon usage of the host organismwithout altering the polypeptide encoded by the DNA. Such optimizationincludes replacing at least one, or more than one, or a significantnumber, of codons with one or more codons that are more frequently usedin the genes of that organism.

Deviations in the nucleotide sequence that comprise the codons encodingthe amino acids of any polypeptide chain allow for variations in thesequence coding for the gene. Since each codon consists of threenucleotides, and the nucleotides comprising DNA are restricted to fourspecific bases, there are 64 possible combinations of nucleotides, 61 ofwhich encode amino acids (the remaining three codons encode signalsending translation). The “genetic code” which shows which codons encodewhich amino acids is reproduced herein as Table 1. As a result, manyamino acids are designated by more than one codon. For example, theamino acids alanine and proline are coded for by four triplets, serineand arginine by six, whereas tryptophan and methionine are coded by justone triplet. This degeneracy allows for DNA base composition to varyover a wide range without altering the amino acid sequence of theproteins encoded by the DNA.

TABLE 1 The Standard Genetic Code T C A G T TTT Phe (F) TCT Ser (S)TAT Tyr (Y) TGT Cys (C) TTC Phe (F) TCC Ser (S) TAC Tyr (Y) TGCTTA Leu (L) TCA Ser (S) TAA Stop TGA Stop TTG Leu (L) TCG Ser (S)TAG Stop TGG Trp (W) C CTT Leu (L) CCT Pro (P) CAT His (H) CGT Arg (R)CTC Leu (L) CCC Pro (P) CAC His (H) CGC Arg (R) CTA Leu (L) CCA Pro (P)CAA Gln (Q) CGA Arg (R) CTG Leu (L) CCG Pro (P) CAG Gln (Q) CGG Arg (R)A ATT Ile (I) ACT Thr (T) AAT Asn (N) AGT Ser (S) ATC Ile (I)ACC Thr (T) AAC Asn (N) AGC Ser (S) ATA Ile (I) ACA Thr (T) AAA Lys (K)AGA Arg (R) ATG Met ACG Thr (T) AAG Lys (K) AGG Arg (R) (M) GGTT Val (V) GCT Ala (A) GAT Asp (D) GGT Gly (G) GTC Val (V) GCC Ala (A)GAC Asp (D) GGC Gly (G) GTA Val (V) GCA Ala (A) GAA Glu (E) GGA Gly (G)GTG Val (V) GCG Ala (A) GAG Glu (E) GGG Gly (G)

Many organisms display a bias for use of particular codons to code forinsertion of a particular amino acid in a growing peptide chain. Codonpreference, or codon bias, differences in codon usage between organisms,is afforded by degeneracy of the genetic code, and is well documentedamong many organisms. Codon bias often correlates with the efficiency oftranslation of messenger RNA (mRNA), which is in turn believed to bedependent on, inter alia, the properties of the codons being translatedand the availability of particular transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. Thepredominance of selected tRNAs in a cell is generally a reflection ofthe codons used most frequently in peptide synthesis. Accordingly, genescan be tailored for optimal gene expression in a given organism based oncodon optimization.

As used herein, an “isolated nucleic acid fragment” or “isolated nucleicacid molecule” are used interchangeably herein and mean a polymer of RNAor DNA that is single- or double-stranded, optionally containingsynthetic, non-natural, or altered nucleotide bases. An isolated nucleicacid fragment in the form of a polymer of DNA can be comprised of one ormore segments of cDNA, genomic DNA, or synthetic DNA.

A nucleic acid fragment is “hybridizable” to another nucleic acidfragment, such as a cDNA, genomic DNA, or RNA molecule, when asingle-stranded form of the nucleic acid fragment can anneal to theother nucleic acid fragment under the appropriate conditions oftemperature and solution ionic strength. Hybridization and washingconditions are well known and exemplified, for example, in Sambrook, J.,Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989),particularly Chapter 11 and Table 11.1 therein (incorporated herein byreference in its entirety). The conditions of temperature and ionicstrength determine the “stringency” of the hybridization. Stringencyconditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similar fragments(such as homologous sequences from distantly related organisms), tohighly similar fragments (such as genes that duplicate functionalenzymes from closely related organisms). Post-hybridization washesdetermine stringency conditions. One set of preferred conditions uses aseries of washes starting with 6×SSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature for15 min, then repeated with 2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 45° C. for 30 min, andthen repeated twice with 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 50° C. for 30 min. A morepreferred set of stringent conditions uses higher temperatures in whichthe washes are identical to those above except for the temperature ofthe final two 30 min washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS was increased to 60° C.Another preferred set of highly stringent conditions uses two finalwashes in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. An additional set of stringentconditions include hybridization at 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C. and washeswith 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS followed by 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, for example.

Hybridization requires that the two nucleic acids contain complementarysequences, although depending on the stringency of the hybridization,mismatches between bases are possible. The appropriate stringency forhybridizing nucleic acids depends on the length of the nucleic acids andthe degree of complementation, variables well known in the art. Thegreater the degree of similarity or homology between two nucleotidesequences, the greater the value of Tm for hybrids of nucleic acidshaving those sequences. The relative stability (corresponding to higherTm) of nucleic acid hybridizations decreases in the following order:RNA:RNA, DNA:RNA, DNA:DNA. For hybrids of greater than 100 nucleotidesin length, equations for calculating Tm have been derived (see Sambrook,et al., supra, 9.50-9.51). For hybridizations with shorter nucleicacids, for example, oligonucleotides, the position of mismatches becomesmore important, and the length of the oligonucleotide determines itsspecificity (see Sambrook, et al., supra, 11.7-11.8). In one embodiment,the length for a hybridizable nucleic acid is at least about 10nucleotides. Preferably, a minimum length for a hybridizable nucleicacid is at least about 15 nucleotides; more preferably at least about 20nucleotides; and most preferably the length is at least about 30nucleotides. Furthermore, the skilled artisan will recognize that thetemperature and wash solution salt concentration can be adjusted asnecessary according to factors such as length of the probe.

As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is intended to encompass asingular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides,” and refers to amolecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amidebonds (also known as peptide bonds). The term “polypeptide” refers toany chain or chains of two or more amino acids, and does not refer to aspecific length of the product. Thus, peptides, dipeptides, tripeptides,oligopeptides, “protein,” “amino acid chain,” or any other term used torefer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids, are includedwithin the definition of “polypeptide,” and the term “polypeptide” canbe used instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. Apolypeptide can be derived from a natural biological source or producedby recombinant technology, but is not necessarily translated from adesignated nucleic acid sequence. It can be generated in any manner,including by chemical synthesis.

By an “isolated” polypeptide or a fragment, variant, or derivativethereof is intended a polypeptide that is not in its natural milieu. Noparticular level of purification is required. For example, an isolatedpolypeptide can be removed from its native or natural environment.Recombinantly produced polypeptides and proteins expressed in host cellsare considered isolated for purposed of the invention, as are native orrecombinant polypeptides which have been separated, fractionated, orpartially or substantially purified by any suitable technique.

As used herein, the term “variant” refers to a polypeptide differingfrom a specifically recited polypeptide of the invention, such as DHAD,by amino acid insertions, deletions, mutations, and substitutions,created using, for example, recombinant DNA techniques, such asmutagenesis. A variant also includes “silent” substitutions or “silent”mutations whereby a substitution of one or more nucleotide bases in apolynucleotide does not change the resulting amino acid sequence, butresults in improved properties of the resulting polypeptide. Guidance indetermining which amino acid residues can be replaced, added, or deletedwithout abolishing activities of interest, can be found by comparing thesequence of the particular polypeptide with that of homologouspolypeptides, for example, yeast or bacterial, and minimizing the numberof amino acid sequence changes made in regions of high homology(conserved regions) or by replacing amino acids with consensussequences.

Alternatively, recombinant polynucleotide variants encoding these sameor similar polypeptides can be synthesized or selected by making use ofthe “redundancy” in the genetic code. Various codon substitutions, suchas silent changes which produce various restriction sites, can beintroduced to optimize cloning into a plasmid or viral vector forexpression. Mutations in the polynucleotide sequence can be reflected inthe polypeptide or domains of other peptides added to the polypeptide tomodify the properties of any part of the polypeptide.

Amino acid “substitutions” can be the result of replacing one amino acidwith another amino acid having similar structural and/or chemicalproperties, for example, conservative amino acid replacements, or theycan be the result of replacing one amino acid with an amino acid havingdifferent structural and/or chemical properties, for example,non-conservative amino acid replacements. “Conservative” amino acidsubstitutions can be made on the basis of similarity in polarity,charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, or the amphipathicnature of the residues involved. For example, nonpolar (hydrophobic)amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline,phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine; polar neutral amino acidsinclude glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, andglutamine; positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine,lysine, and histidine; and negatively charged (acidic) amino acidsinclude aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Alternatively,“non-conservative” amino acid substitutions can be made by selecting thedifferences in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity,hydrophilicity, or the amphipathic nature of any of these amino acids.“Insertions” or “deletions” can be within the range of variation asstructurally or functionally tolerated by the recombinant proteins. Thevariation allowed can be experimentally determined by systematicallymaking insertions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acids in apolypeptide molecule using recombinant DNA techniques and assaying theresulting recombinant variants for activity.

A “substantial portion” of an amino acid or nucleotide sequence is thatportion comprising enough of the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide orthe nucleotide sequence of a gene to putatively identify thatpolypeptide or gene, either by manual evaluation of the sequence by oneskilled in the art, or by computer-automated sequence comparison andidentification using algorithms such as BLAST (Altschul, et al., J. Mol.Biol., 215:403-410, 1993). In general, a sequence of ten or morecontiguous amino acids or thirty or more nucleotides is necessary inorder to putatively identify a polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence ashomologous to a known protein or gene. Moreover, with respect tonucleotide sequences, gene specific oligonucleotide probes comprising20-30 contiguous nucleotides can be used in sequence-dependent methodsof gene identification (e.g., Southern hybridization) and isolation(e.g., in situ hybridization of bacterial colonies or bacteriophageplaques). In addition, short oligonucleotides of 12-15 bases can be usedas amplification primers in PCR in order to obtain a particular nucleicacid fragment comprising the primers. Accordingly, a “substantialportion” of a nucleotide sequence comprises enough of the sequence tospecifically identify and/or isolate a nucleic acid fragment comprisingthe sequence. The instant specification teaches the complete amino acidand nucleotide sequence encoding particular proteins. The skilledartisan, having the benefit of the sequences as reported herein, can nowuse all or a substantial portion of the disclosed sequences for purposesknown to those skilled in this art. Accordingly, the instant inventioncomprises the complete sequences as reported in the accompanyingSequence Listing, as well as substantial portions of those sequences asdefined herein.

The term “complementary” is used to describe the relationship betweennucleotide bases that are capable of hybridizing to one another. Forexample, with respect to DNA, adenosine is complementary to thymine andcytosine is complementary to guanine.

The term “percent identity,” as known in the art, is a relationshipbetween two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more polynucleotidesequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art,“identity” or “sequence identity” also means the degree of sequencerelatedness between polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences, as the casemay be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences.“Identity” and “similarity” can be readily calculated by known methods,including but not limited to those described in: (1) ComputationalMolecular Biology (Lesk, A. M., Ed.) Oxford University: NY (1988); (2)Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects (Smith, D. W., Ed.)Academic: NY (1993); (3) Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I(Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., Eds.) Humania: NJ (1994); (4)Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology (von Heinje, G., Ed.) Academic(1987); and (5) Sequence Analysis Primer (Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J.,Eds.) Stockton: NY (1991).

Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give the bestmatch between the sequences tested. Methods to determine identity andsimilarity are codified in publicly available computer programs.Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations can be performedusing the MegAlign™ program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computingsuite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignment of the sequencesis performed using the “Clustal method of alignment” which encompassesseveral varieties of the algorithm including the “Clustal V method ofalignment” corresponding to the alignment method labeled Clustal V(described by Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151-153, 1989; Higgins, etal., Comput. Appl. Biosci. 8:189-191, 1992) and found in the MegAlign™program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc.).For multiple alignments, the default values correspond to GAP PENALTY=10and GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10. Default parameters for pairwise alignmentsand calculation of percent identity of protein sequences using theClustal method are KTUPLE=1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALSSAVED=5. For nucleic acids, these parameters are KTUPLE=2, GAPPENALTY=5, WINDOW=4 and DIAGONALS SAVED=4. After alignment of thesequences using the Clustal V program, it is possible to obtain a“percent identity” by viewing the “sequence distances” table in the sameprogram. Additionally, the “Clustal W method of alignment” is availableand corresponds to the alignment method labeled Clustal W (described byHiggins and Sharp, CABIOS. 5:151-153, 1989; Higgins, et al., Comput.Appl. Biosci. 8:189-191, 1992; Thompson, et al., Nuc. Acid Res. 22: 46734680, 1994) and found in the MegAlign™ v6.1 program of the LASERGENEbioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc.). Default parameters formultiple alignment (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=0.2, DelayDivergen Seqs (%)=30, DNA Transition Weight=0.5, Protein WeightMatrix=Gonnet Series, DNA Weight Matrix=IUB). After alignment of thesequences using the Clustal W program, it is possible to obtain apercent identity by viewing the sequence distances table in the sameprogram.

It is well understood by one skilled in the art that many levels ofsequence identity are useful in identifying polypeptides, from otherspecies, wherein such polypeptides have the same or similar function oractivity. Useful examples of percent identities include, but are notlimited to: 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, or anyinteger percentage from 55% to 100% is useful in describing the presentinvention, such as 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%,65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%,79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99%. Suitable nucleic acid fragments notonly have the above homologies but typically encode a polypeptide havingat least 50 amino acids, preferably at least 100 amino acids, morepreferably at least 150 amino acids, still more preferably at least 200amino acids, and most preferably at least 250 amino acids.

The term “sequence analysis software” refers to any computer algorithmor software program that is useful for the analysis of nucleotide oramino acid sequences. Sequence analysis software can be commerciallyavailable or independently developed. Typical sequence analysis softwarewill include, but is not limited to: (1) the GCG suite of programs(Wisconsin Package Version 9.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison,Wis.); (2) BLASTP, BLASTN, BLASTX (Altschul, et al., J. Mol. Biol.215:403-410, 1990); (3) DNASTAR (DNASTAR, Inc. Madison, Wis.); (4)Sequencher (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, Mich.); and (5) the FASTAprogram incorporating the Smith-Waterman algorithm (W. R. Pearson,Comput. Methods Genome Res., [Proc. Int. Symp.] (1994), Meeting Date1992, 111-20. Editor(s): Suhai, Sandor. Plenum: New York, N.Y.). Withinthe context of this application, it will be understood that wheresequence analysis software is used for analysis, that the results of theanalysis will be based on the “default values” of the programreferenced, unless otherwise specified. As used herein, “default values”means any set of values or parameters that originally load with thesoftware when first initialized.

Standard recombinant DNA and molecular cloning techniques used hereinare well known in the art and are described by Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, SecondEdition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.(1989) (hereinafter “Maniatis”); and by Silhavy, T. J., Bennan, M. L.and Enquist, L. W., Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984); and by Ausubel, F. M.et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, published by GreenePublishing Assoc. and Wiley-Interscience (1987). Additional methods usedherein are in Methods in Enzymology, Volume 194, Guide to Yeast Geneticsand Molecular and Cell Biology (Part A, 2004, Christine Guthrie andGerald R. Fink (Eds.), Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.).

“Fermentation medium” as used herein means a mixture of water,fermentable carbon substrates, dissolved solids, fermentation productand all other constituents of the material held in the fermentationvessel in which the fermentation product is being made by the reactionof fermentable carbon substrates to fermentation products, water andcarbon dioxide (CO₂) by the microorganisms present. From time to time,as used herein, the term “fermentation broth” and “fermentation mixture”can be used synonymously with “fermentation medium.”

The term “aerobic conditions” as used herein means conditions in thepresence of oxygen.

The term “oxygen limiting conditions” or “microaerobic conditions” asused herein means conditions with low levels of dissolved oxygen. Forexample, the oxygen level may be less than about 1% of air saturation.

The term “anaerobic conditions” as used herein means conditions in theabsence of oxygen. It will be understood that in many fermentationprocesses, an initial amount of oxygen is present at the onset of theprocess, but such oxygen is depleted over the course of the fermentationsuch that the majority of the process takes place in the absence ofdetectable oxygen.

As used herein, the term “yield” refers to the amount of product ingrams per amount of carbon source in grams (g/g). The yield can beexemplified, for example, for glucose as the carbon source. It isunderstood, unless otherwise noted, that yield is expressed as apercentage of the theoretical yield. In reference to a microorganism ormetabolic pathway, “theoretical yield” is defined as the maximum amountof product that can be generated per total amount of substrate asdictated by the stoichiometry of the metabolic pathway used to make theproduct. For example, the theoretical yield for one typical conversionof glucose to isopropanol is 0.33 g/g. As such, a yield of isopropanolfrom glucose of 0.297 g/g would be expressed as 90% of theoretical or90% theoretical yield. It is understood that while in the presentdisclosure the yield is exemplified for glucose as a carbon source, theinvention can be applied to other carbon sources and the yield can varydepending on the carbon source used. One skilled in the art cancalculate yields on various carbon sources.

The term “titer” as used herein refers to the total amount of butanolisomer produced by fermentation per liter of fermentation medium. Thetotal amount of butanol isomer includes: (i) the amount of butanol inthe fermentation medium; (ii) the amount of butanol isomer recoveredfrom the organic extractant; and (iii) the amount of butanol isomerrecovered from the gas phase, if gas stripping is used.

DHAD Variants

As described herein, dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD), also calledacetohydroxy acid dehydratase, catalyzes the conversion of2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate and of2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate to α-ketomethylvalerate. The DHAD enzyme ispart of naturally occurring biosynthetic pathways producing valine,isoleucine, leucine and pantothenic acid (vitamin B5). DHAD catalyzedconversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate is also astep in the multiple isobutanol biosynthetic pathways that are disclosedin commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,851,188 (incorporated herein byreference). For production of compounds synthesized in pathwaysincluding DHAD, it is desirable to express a heterologous DHAD enzymethat provides DHAD enzymatic activity in a host cell. A considerationfor functional expression of dihydroxy-acid dehydratases in aheterologous host is the enzyme's requirement for an iron-sulfur (Fe—S)cluster, which involves availability and proper loading of the clusterinto the DHAD apo-protein.

The present invention is based, in part, on the discovery that certainvariants of DHAD have DHAD activity, and, in some embodiments, improvedperformance compared to the parental DHAD molecule. DHAD variants aredesirable for production of products produced by DHAD containingbiosynthetic pathways, particularly isobutanol.

The present invention includes DHAD variants comprising amino acidsubstitutions that result in improved DHAD activity as indicated byincreased isobutanol production. For the purposes of the presentinvention, amino acid substitutions were made in the Streptococcusmutans DHAD enzyme (SEQ ID NO:168), however, equivalent substitutionscan be made in the homologous regions of DHAD enzymes from otherorganisms. A list of other DHAD enzymes that can be used to produce theDHAD variants of the invention is included below in Tables 3-5. Aminoacids are described herein using either the full name of the amino acidor the 1-letter or 3-letter abbreviation of the amino acid, as indicatedin Table 2.

TABLE 2 Amino Acids and their Abbreviations 1-Letter Amino Acid Symbol3-Letter Symbol Alanine A Ala Arginine R Arg Asparagine N Asn Asparticacid D Asp Cysteine C Cys Glutamine Q Gln Glutamic acid E GluPyroglutamic acid pQ pGlu Glycine G Gly Histidine H His HydroxylysineHyl Hydroxyproline, 4(R)-L- O Hyp Isoleucine I Ile Leucine L Leu LysineK Lys Methionine M Met Phenylalaine F Phe Proline P Pro Serine S SerThreonine T Thr Tryptophan W Trp Tyrosine Y Tyr Valine V Val

The amino acid changes that were made and/or contemplated by the presentinvention to produce alternative, active DHAD enzymes are describedherein, for example, by a three character code that begins with the1-letter abbreviation of the native amino acid, followed by the aminoacid position number, and followed by the 1-letter abbreviation of theidentity of the substituted amino acid. For example, “K564E” refers to alysine to glutamic acid substitution of position 564 of the DHAD.

One aspect of the invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises one or more aminoacid substitutions (e.g., as compared to the native sequence otherspecifically identified sequence). In some embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises one or more amino acidsubstitutions at an amino acid position selected from: (a) an amino acidcorresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (b) an aminoacid corresponding to position 62 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (c) anamino acid corresponding to position 115 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD;(d) an amino acid corresponding to position 116 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; (e) an amino acid corresponding to position 119 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD; (f) an amino acid corresponding to position 158 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (g) an amino acid corresponding to position176 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (h) an amino acid corresponding toposition 179 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (i) an amino acidcorresponding to position 322 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (j) an aminoacid corresponding to position 425 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (k) anamino acid corresponding to position 524 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD;(l) an amino acid corresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; (m) an amino acid corresponding to position 563 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD; (n) an amino acid corresponding to position 564 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; and (o) an amino acid corresponding toposition 567 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.

In some embodiments, the invention is directed to an isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises one or more amino acidsubstitutions selected from: (a) aspartic acid or glutamic acid at aposition corresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (b)aspartic acid or glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position62 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (c) glycine, alanine, valine, leucine,isoleucine, or proline at a position corresponding to position 115 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (d) aspartic acid or glutamic acid at aposition corresponding to position 116 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (e)serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, asparagine, or glutamine at aposition corresponding to position 119 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (f)arginine, lysine, or histidine at a position corresponding to position158 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (g) serine, threonine, cysteine,methionine, asparagine, or glutamine at a position corresponding toposition 176 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (h) glycine, alanine, valine,leucine, isoleucine, or proline at a position corresponding to position179 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (i) arginine, lysine, or histidine ata position corresponding to position 322 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD;(j) serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, asparagine, or glutamine ata position corresponding to position 425 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD;(k) glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at aposition corresponding to position 524 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (l)glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at a positioncorresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (m)arginine, lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine,asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, orproline at a position corresponding to position 563 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD; (n) aspartic acid or glutamic acid at a positioncorresponding to position 564 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; and (o)aspartic acid or glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position567 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.

In another embodiment, the invention is directed to an isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises one or more amino acidsubstitutions selected from: (a) aspartic acid at a positioncorresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (b) glutamicacid at a position corresponding to position 62 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; (c) valine at a position corresponding to position 115 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (d) glutamic acid at a position correspondingto position 116 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (e) serine at a positioncorresponding to position 119 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (f) arginineat a position corresponding to position 158 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; (g) glutamine at a position corresponding to position 176 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (h) leucine at a position corresponding toposition 179 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (i) arginine at a positioncorresponding to position 322 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (j) serineat a position corresponding to position 425 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; (k) glycine at a position corresponding to position 524 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (l) valine or leucine at a positioncorresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (m)arginine, cysteine, or glycine at a position corresponding to position563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (n) glutamic acid at a positioncorresponding to position 564 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; and asparticacid at a position corresponding to position 567 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD.

In an embodiment of the invention, the polypeptide or fragment thereofcomprises a substitution of glutamic acid at a position corresponding toposition 564 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of glutamicacid at a position corresponding to position 62 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD, and a substitution of valine at a position corresponding toposition 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of asparticacid at a position corresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD, and a substitution of arginine at a position corresponding toposition 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of valine at aposition corresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. Inanother embodiment, the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises asubstitution of arginine at a position corresponding to position 563 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, the polypeptide orfragment thereof comprises a substitution of cysteine at a positioncorresponding to position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In anotherembodiment, the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitutionof glycine at a position corresponding to position 563 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD. In yet another embodiment, the polypeptide or fragmentthereof comprises a substitution of glycine at a position correspondingto position 524 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution ofglycine at a position corresponding to position 563 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD.

In an embodiment of the invention, the polypeptide or fragment thereofcomprises a substitution of valine at a position corresponding toposition 115 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, a substitution of arginine ata position corresponding to position 158 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD,and a substitution of aspartic acid at a position corresponding toposition 567 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of glutamicacid at a position corresponding to position 116 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD, and a substitution of serine at a position corresponding toposition 119 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of asparticacid at a position corresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD. In another embodiment, the polypeptide or fragment thereofcomprises a substitution of glutamic acid at a position corresponding toposition 62 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In another embodiment, thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises a substitution of leucine at aposition corresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. Inanother embodiment, the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises asubstitution of glutamine at a position corresponding to position 176 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD, a substitution of leucine at a positioncorresponding to position 179 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD, asubstitution of arginine at a position corresponding to position 322 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution of arginine at a positioncorresponding to position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD. In yetanother embodiment, the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprise asubstitution of serine at a position corresponding to position 425 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD, and a substitution of arginine at a positioncorresponding to position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.

The invention is also directed to an isolated polypeptide or fragmentthereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises one or more amino acidsubstitutions selected from: (a) glycine to aspartic acid or glutamicacid at a position corresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; (b) aspartic acid to glutamic acid at a position corresponding toposition 62 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (c) methionine to valine,glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at a positioncorresponding to position 115 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (d) glycineto glutamic acid or aspartic acid at a position corresponding toposition 116 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (e) asparagine to serine,threonine, cysteine, methionine, asparagine, or glutamine at a positioncorresponding to position 119 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (f) glycineto arginine, histidine, or lysine at a position corresponding toposition 158 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (g) histidine to glutamine,asparagine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, or serine at a positioncorresponding to position 176 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (h)histidine to leucine, isoleucine, proline, glycine, alanine, or valineat a position corresponding to position 179 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; (i) glutamine to arginine, histidine, or lysine at a positioncorresponding to position 322 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (j) alanineto serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, asparagine, or glutamine ata position corresponding to position 425 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD;(k) glutamic acid to glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, orproline at a position corresponding to position 524 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD; (l) phenylalanine to glycine, alanine, valine, leucine,isoleucine, or proline at a position corresponding to position 562 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (m) tryptophan to arginine, lysine,histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline ata position corresponding to position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD;(n) lysine to glutamic acid or aspartic acid at a position correspondingto position 564 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; and (o) glutamic acid toaspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 567 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD.

The invention is also directed to an isolated polypeptide or fragmentthereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof comprises one or more amino acidsubstitutions selected from: (a) glycine to aspartic acid at a positioncorresponding to position 33 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (b) asparticacid to glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 62 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (c) methionine to valine at a positioncorresponding to position 115 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (d) glycineto glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 116 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (e) asparagine to serine at a positioncorresponding to position 119 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (f) glycineto arginine at a position corresponding to position 158 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD; (g) histidine to glutamine at a position corresponding toposition 176 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (h) histidine to leucine at aposition corresponding to position 179 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (i)glutamine to arginine at a position corresponding to position 322 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (j) alanine to serine at a positioncorresponding to position 425 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (k) glutamicacid to glycine at a position corresponding to position 524 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (l) phenylalanine to valine or leucine at aposition corresponding to position 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (m)tryptophan to arginine, cysteine, or glycine at a position correspondingto position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (n) lysine to glutamicacid at a position corresponding to position 564 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; and (o) glutamic acid to aspartic acid at a position correspondingto position 567 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to an isolated polypeptideor fragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof comprises one or more aminoacid substitutions selected from: (a) glycine to aspartic acid orglutamic acid at position 33 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (b) asparticacid to glutamic acid at position 62 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (c)methionine to valine, glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, or prolineat position 115 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (d) glycine to glutamicacid or aspartic acid at position 116 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (e)asparagine to serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, asparagine, orglutamine at position 119 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (f) glycine toarginine, histidine, or lysine at position 158 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD; (g) histidine to glutamine, asparagine, methionine, cysteine,threonine, or serine at position 176 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (h)histidine to leucine, isoleucine, proline, glycine, alanine, or valineat position 179 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (i) glutamine to arginine,histidine, or lysine at position 322 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (j)alanine to serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, asparagine, orglutamine at position 425 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (k) glutamicacid to alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, or glycine atposition 524 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (l) phenylalanine to alanine,valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, or glycine at position 562 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (m) tryptophan to arginine, lysine,histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline atposition 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (n) lysine to glutamic acidor aspartic acid at position 564 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; and (o)glutamic acid to aspartic acid at position 567 of Streptococcus mutansDHAD.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to an isolated polypeptideor fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof comprises one or more amino acid substitutions selectedfrom: (a) glycine to aspartic acid at position 33 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD; (b) aspartic acid to glutamic acid at position 62 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (c) methionine to valine at position 115 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (d) glycine to glutamic acid at position 116of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (e) asparagine to serine at position 119of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (f) glycine to arginine at position 158 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (g) histidine to glutamine at position 176 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (h) histidine to leucine at position 179 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (i) glutamine to arginine at position 322 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (j) alanine to serine at position 425 ofStreptococcus mutans DHAD; (k) glutamic acid to glycine at position 524of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (l) phenylalanine to valine or leucine atposition 562 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (m) tryptophan to arginine,cysteine, or glycine at position 563 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD; (n)lysine to glutamic acid at position 564 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD;and (o) glutamic acid to aspartic acid at position 567 of Streptococcusmutans DHAD.

The amino acid substitutions described herein can be made in anypolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity at anycorresponding position in the sequence. Exemplary DHAD enzymes that canbe substituted are listed in Tables 3-5, below. Sequence alignmentsoftware can be used to identify the amino acids in the DHAD enzyme ofinterest that corresponds to a recited amino acid in the Streptococcusmutans DHAD sequence (SEQ ID NO:168). In some embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is a [2Fe-2S]²⁺DHAD. In other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity is a [4Fe-4S]²⁺ DHAD. In yet other embodiments, theisolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity catalyzesthe conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate orcatalyzes the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate toα-ketomethylvalerate.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the amino acid substitutionsdescribed herein can be made in an isolated polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity and having an amino acid sequence thatmatches the Profile Hidden Markov Model (HMM) of Table 6 with an E valueof <10⁻⁵. Table 6 is a table of the Profile Hidden Markov Model (HMM)for dihydroxy-acid dehydratases based on enzymes with assayed function.Table 6 may be found on pages 108-155.

In another embodiment, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity comprises three conserved cysteines correspondingto positions 56, 129, and 201 of Streptococcus mutans DHAD.

Amino acid substitutions can be made in polypeptides or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity from prokaryotic organisms or eukaryotic organisms.In certain embodiments, the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity is from bacteria, fungi, or plant. In a particular embodiment,the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is fromStreptococcus mutans.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:528 and has a glutamic acid oraspartic acid at position 564. In certain embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an aminoacid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:528 and has aglutamic acid or aspartic acid at position 564. In yet otherembodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:528.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:532 and has a glutamic acid atposition 62 and a glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, orproline at position 562. In certain embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an aminoacid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:532 and has aglutamic acid at position 62 and a glycine, alanine, valine, leucine,isoleucine, or proline at position 562. In yet other embodiments, theisolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprisesthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:532.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:534 and has an aspartic acid atposition 33 and an arginine at position 563. In certain embodiments, theisolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprisesan amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:534and has an aspartic acid or glutamic acid at position 33 and anarginine, lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine,asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, orproline at position 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:534.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:537 and has a glycine, alanine,valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 562. In certainembodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identicalto SEQ ID NO:537 and has a glycine, alanine, valine, leucine,isoleucine, or proline at position 562. In yet other embodiments, theisolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprisesthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:537.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:540 and has an arginine, lysine,histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline atposition 563. In certain embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:540 and has an arginine,lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline atposition 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:540.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:545 and has a arginine, lysine,histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline atposition 563. In certain embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:545 and has a arginine,lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline atposition 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:545.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:572 and has an arginine, lysine,histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline atposition 563. In certain embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:572 and has an arginine,lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline atposition 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:572.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:548 and has a glycine, alanine,valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 524 and an arginine,lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline atposition 563. In certain embodiments, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:548 and has a glycine,alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 524 and anarginine, lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine,asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, orproline at position 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:548.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:552 and has a valine,alanine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 115, anarginine, lysine, or histidine at position 158, and an aspartic acid orglutamic acid at position 567. In other embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an aminoacid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:552 and has avaline, alanine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position115, an arginine, lysine, or histidine at position 158, and an asparticacid or glutamic acid at position 567. In yet other embodiments, theisolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprisesthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:552.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:555 and has a glutamic acidor aspartic acid at position 116 and a serine, threonine, cysteine,methionine, asparagine, or glutamine at position 119. In otherembodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identicalto SEQ ID NO:555 and has a glutamic acid or aspartic acid at position116 and a serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, asparagine, orglutamine at position 119. In yet other embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:555.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:557 and has an aspartic acidor glutamic acid at position 33. In other embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an aminoacid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:557 and has anaspartic acid or glutamic acid at position 33. In yet other embodiments,the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:557.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:561 and has a glutamic acidor aspartic acid at position 62. In other embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an aminoacid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:561 and has aglutamic acid or aspartic acid at position 62. In yet other embodiments,the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:561.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:563 and has a leucine,glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, or proline at position 562. Inother embodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO:563 and has a leucine, glycine, alanine, valine,isoleucine, or proline at position 562. In yet other embodiments, theisolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprisesthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:563.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:566 and has a glutamine,asparagine, methionine, serine, threonine, or cysteine at position 176,a leucine, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, or proline at position179, an arginine, lysine, or histidine at position 322, and an arginine,lysine, or histidine at position 563. In other embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an aminoacid sequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:566 and has aglutamine, asparagine, methionine, serine, threonine, or cysteine atposition 176, a leucine, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, orproline at position 179, an arginine, lysine, or histidine at position322, and an arginine, lysine, or histidine at position 563. In yet otherembodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:566.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:569 and has a glutamine,asparagine, methionine, serine, threonine, or cysteine at position 425and an arginine, lysine, or histidine at position 563. In otherembodiments, the isolated polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identicalto SEQ ID NO:569 and has a glutamine, asparagine, methionine, serine,threonine, or cysteine at position 425 and an arginine, lysine, orhistidine at position 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolatedpolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:569.

The isolated polypeptides or fragments thereof having DHAD activity ofthe invention display increased DHAD activity compared to DHAD proteinswithout the amino acid substitutions. The phrase “increased activity”refers to any alteration in the protein that results in improved growthof a strain relative to a control strain expressing the parental DHADenzyme, or an improved yield of a product made from a DHAD requiringpathway, such as isobutanol. “Increased activity” can result from anumber of alterations in the function of the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity including, but not limited to: improvedstability of the protein, faster catalytic activity, increased bindingto substrate, increased stability of the mRNA leading to moretranslation into protein, more efficient translation of the mRNA, orimproved binding to a [4Fe-4S]²⁺ cluster or a [2Fe-2S]²⁺ cluster. Insome embodiments, DHAD variant proteins expressed in yeast cytosol havea specific activity of greater than about 0.10 units/mg, greater thanabout 0.15 units/mg, greater than about 0.20 units/mg, greater thanabout 0.25 units/mg, greater than about 0.30 units/mg, greater thanabout 0.35 units/mg, or greater than about 0.40 units/mg. In someembodiments, DHAD variant proteins expressed in yeast cytosol have aspecific activity of about 0.10 units/mg to about 0.40 units/mg, or anyrange of values therein, for example, about 0.10 units/mg to about 0.35units/mg, about 0.10 units/mg to about 0.30 units/mg, about 0.10units/mg to about 0.25 units/mg, about 0.10 units/mg to about 0.20units/mg, about 0.10 units/mg to about 0.15 units/mg.

The invention is also directed to isolated polynucleotide moleculescomprising a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the DHAD variantpolypeptides described herein.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises an amino acid sequencethat is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:528 and has a glutamic acid oraspartic acid at position 564. In other embodiments, the isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO:528 and has a glutamic acid or aspartic acid atposition 564. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:528. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to thenucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:527 and encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:527. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises anucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:529 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotidesequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:529. Incertain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleicacid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:530 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:530.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:532 and has a glutamic acid at position 62 and a glycine, alanine,valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 562. In otherembodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:532 and has a glutamicacid at position 62 and a glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucineor proline at position 562. In yet other embodiments, the isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:532. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is atleast 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:531 andencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity. In aspecific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:531.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:534 and has an aspartic acid or glutamic acid at position 33 and anarginine, lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine,asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, orproline at position 563. In other embodiments, the isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO:534 and has an aspartic acid or glutamic acid atposition 33 and an arginine, lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine,threonine, methionine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine,leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 563. In yet otherembodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:534. In certainembodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acidsequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQID NO:533 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:533. In certainembodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acidsequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQID NO:535 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:535.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:537 and has a glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, orproline at position 562. In other embodiments, the isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO:537 and has a glycine, alanine, valine, leucine,isoleucine, or proline at position 562. In yet other embodiments, theisolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence thatencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, whereinthe polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:537. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is atleast 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:536 andencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity. In aspecific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:536. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is atleast 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:538 andencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity. In aspecific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:538.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:540 and has an arginine, lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine,threonine, methionine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine,leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 563. In other embodiments,the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequencethat encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is atleast 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:540 and has an arginine, lysine,histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline atposition 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:540. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to thenucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:539 and encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:539. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises anucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:606 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotidesequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:606. Incertain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleicacid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:541 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:541. In certainembodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acidsequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQID NO:542 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:542. In certainembodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acidsequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQID NO:543 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:543.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:545 and has an arginine, lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine,threonine, methionine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine,leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 563. In other embodiments,the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequencethat encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is atleast 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:545 and has an arginine, lysine,histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline atposition 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:545. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to thenucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:544 and encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:544. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises anucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:546 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotidesequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:546.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:572 and has an arginine, lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine,threonine, methionine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine,leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 563. In other embodiments,the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequencethat encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is atleast 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:572 and has an arginine, lysine,histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine,glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline atposition 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:572. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to thenucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:571 and encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:571.

In certain embodiment of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:548 and has a glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, orproline at position 524 and an arginine, lysine, histidine, cysteine,serine, threonine, methionine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine,valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 563. In otherembodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:548 and has a glycine,alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 524 and anarginine, lysine, histidine, cysteine, serine, threonine, methionine,asparagine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, orproline at position 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:548. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is atleast 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:547 andencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity. In aspecific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:547. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is atleast 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:549 andencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity. In aspecific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:549. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is atleast 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:550 andencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity. In aspecific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:550.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:552 and has a valine, alanine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, orproline at position 115, an arginine, lysine, or histidine at position158, and an aspartic acid or glutamic acid at position 567. In otherembodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:552 and has a valine,alanine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, or proline at position 115, anarginine, lysine, or histidine at position 158, and an aspartic acid orglutamic acid at position 567. In yet other embodiments, the isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:552. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is atleast 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:551 andencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity. In aspecific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:551. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is atleast 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:553 andencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity. In aspecific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:553.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:555 and has a glutamic acid or aspartic acid at position 116 and aserine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, asparagine, or glutamine atposition 119. In other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:555and has a glutamic acid or aspartic acid at position 116 and a serine,threonine, cysteine, methionine, asparagine, or glutamine at position119. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:555. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises anucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:554 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotidesequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:554.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:557 and has an aspartic acid or glutamic acid at position 33. Inother embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:557 and has anaspartic acid or glutamic acid at position 33. In yet other embodiments,the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequencethat encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:557. In certainembodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acidsequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQID NO:556 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:556. In certainembodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acidsequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQID NO:558 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:558. In certainembodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acidsequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQID NO:559 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:559.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:561 and has a glutamic acid or aspartic acid at position 62. In otherembodiments, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotidesequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity, wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:561 and has a glutamicacid or aspartic acid at position 62. In yet other embodiments, theisolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence thatencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, whereinthe polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:561. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is atleast 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:560 andencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity. In aspecific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:560.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:563 and has a leucine, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, orproline at position 562. In other embodiments, the isolatedpolynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes apolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein thepolypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO:563 and has a leucine, glycine, alanine, valine,isoleucine, or proline at position 562. In yet other embodiments, theisolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence thatencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity, whereinthe polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:563. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is atleast 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:562 andencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity. In aspecific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:562. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is atleast 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:564 andencodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activity. In aspecific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleicacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:564.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:566 and has a glutamine, asparagine, methionine, serine, threonine,or cysteine at position 176, a leucine, glycine, alanine, valine,isoleucine, or proline at position 179, an arginine, lysine, orhistidine at position 322, and an arginine, lysine, or histidine atposition 563. In other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:566and has a glutamine, asparagine, methionine, serine, threonine, orcysteine at position 176, a leucine, glycine, alanine, valine,isoleucine, or proline at position 179, an arginine, lysine, orhistidine at position 322, and an arginine, lysine, or histidine atposition 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:566. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to thenucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:565 and encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:565. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises anucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:567 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotidesequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:567.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity,wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHAD activitycomprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ IDNO:569 and has a glutamine, asparagine, methionine, serine, threonine,or cysteine at position 425 and an arginine, lysine, or histidine atposition 563. In other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide moleculecomprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide or fragmentthereof having DHAD activity is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:569and has a glutamine, asparagine, methionine, serine, threonine, orcysteine at position 425 and an arginine, lysine, or histidine atposition 563. In yet other embodiments, the isolated polynucleotidemolecule comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity, wherein the polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity comprises the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:569. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%,70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to thenucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:568 and encodes a polypeptide orfragment thereof having DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, thepolynucleotide sequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:568. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises anucleic acid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:570 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereofhaving DHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotidesequence comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:570.

In other embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleicacid sequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO:573 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof havingDHAD activity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:573. In anotherembodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises a nucleic acidsequence that is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQID NO:574 and encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof having DHADactivity. In a specific embodiment, the polynucleotide sequencecomprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:574.

DHAD Proteins

Any DHAD protein can be used as a parental, or starting, molecule forcreating a DHAD variant polypeptide of the invention. DHADs that can beused herein can be derived from bacterial, fungal, or plant sources.DHADs that can be used can have a [4Fe-4S]²⁺ cluster or a [2Fe-2S]²⁺cluster bound by the apoprotein. Tables 3-5 list SEQ ID NOs for codingregions and proteins of representative DHADs that can be used in thepresent invention. Proteins with at least about 95% identity to thoselisted sequences have been omitted for simplification, but it isunderstood that omitted proteins with at least about 95% sequenceidentity to any of the proteins listed in Tables 3-5 and having DHADactivity can be used as disclosed herein. Additional DHAD proteins andtheir encoding sequences can be identified by BLAST searching of publicdatabases, as well known to one skilled in the art. Typically BLAST(described herein) searching of publicly available databases with knownDHAD sequences, such as those provided herein, is used to identify DHADsand their encoding sequences that can be expressed in the present cells.For example, DHAD proteins having amino acid sequence identities of atleast about 80-85%, at least about 85-90%, at least about 90-95%, or atleast about 98% sequence identity to any of the DHAD proteins disclosedherein can be expressed in the present cells. Identities are based onthe Clustal W method of alignment using the default parameters of GAPPENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=0.1, and Gonnet 250 series of proteinweight matrix.

TABLE 3 SEQ ID NOs of Representative Bacterial [2Fe—2S]²⁺ DHAD Proteinsand Encoding Sequences SEQ ID NO: SEQ Nucleic ID NO: Organism ofderivation Acid Peptide Mycobacterium sp. MCS 1 2 Mycobacterium gilvumPYR-GCK 3 4 Mycobacterium smegmatis str. MC2 155 5 6 Mycobacteriumvanbaalenii PYR-1 7 8 Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152 9 10 Rhodococcus sp.RHA1 11 12 Mycobacterium ulcerans Agy99 13 14 Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis K-10 15 16 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra 17 18Mycobacterium leprae TN * 19 20 Kineococcus radiotolerans SRS30216 21 22Janibacter sp. HTCC2649 23 24 Nocardioides sp. JS614 25 26 Renibacteriumsalmoninarum ATCC 33209 27 28 Arthrobacter aurescens TC1 29 30 Leifsoniaxyli subsp. xyli str. CTCB07 31 32 marine actinobacterium PHSC20C1 33 34Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis 35 36 NCPPB 382Saccharopolyspora erythraea NRRL 2338 37 38 Acidothermus cellulolyticus11B 39 40 Corynebacterium efficiens YS-314 41 42 Brevibacterium linensBL2 43 44 Tropheryma whipplei TW08/27 45 46 Methylobacterium extorquensPA1 47 48 Methylobacterium nodulans ORS 2060 49 50 Rhodopseudomonaspalustris BisB5 51 52 Rhodopseudomonas palustris BisB18 53 54Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS278 55 56 Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 57 58Fulvimarina pelagi HTCC2506 59 60 Aurantimonas sp. SI85-9A1 61 62Hoeflea phototrophica DFL-43 63 64 Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 65 66Mesorhizobium sp. BNC1 67 68 Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS-1 69 70Loktanella vestfoldensis SKA53 71 72 Roseobacter sp. CCS2 73 74Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL 12 75 76 Roseovarius nubinhibens ISM 77 78Sagittula stellata E-37 79 80 Roseobacter sp. AzwK-3b 81 82 Roseovariussp. TM1035 83 84 Oceanicola batsensis HTCC2597 85 86 Oceanicolagranulosus HTCC2516 87 88 Rhodobacterales bacterium HTCC2150 89 90Paracoccus denitrificans PD1222 91 92 Oceanibulbus indolifex HEL-45 9394 Sulfitobacter sp. EE-36 95 96 Roseobacter denitrificans OCh 114 97 98Jannaschia sp. CCS1 99 100 Caulobacter sp. K31 101 102 CandidatusPelagibacter ubique HTCC1062 103 104 Erythrobacter litoralis HTCC2594105 106 Erythrobacter sp. NAP1 107 108 Comamonas testosterone KF-1 109110 Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 111 112 Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 113114 Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN 115 116 Bordetella petrii DSM 12804117 118 Bordetella bronchiseptica RB50 119 120 Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS278121 122 Bradyrhizobium sp. BTAi1 123 124 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 125126 Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 127 128 Rhodobacterales bacteriumHTCC2654 129 130 Solibacter usitatus Ellin6076 131 132 Roseiflexus sp.RS-1 133 134 Rubrobacter xylanophilus DSM 9941 135 136 Salinisporatropica CNB-440 137 138 Acidobacteria bacterium Ellin345 139 140 Thermusthermophilus HB27 141 142 Maricaulis maris MCS10 143 144 Parvularculabermudensis HTCC2503 145 146 Oceanicaulis alexandrii HTCC2633 147 148Plesiocystis pacifica SIR-1 149 150 Bacillus sp. NRRL B-14911 151 152Oceanobacillus iheyensis HTE831 153 154 Staphylococcus saprophyticussubsp. saprophyticus 155 156 ATCC 15305 Bacillus selenitireducens MLS10157 158 Streptococcus pneumoniae SP6-BS73 159 160 Streptococcussanguinis SK36 161 162 Streptococcus thermophilus LMG 18311 163 164Streptococcus suis 89/1591 165 166 Streptococcus mutans UA159 167 168Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo-bovis 169 170 L550 CandidatusVesicomyosocius okutanii HA 171 172 Candidatus Ruthia magnifica str. Cm(Calyptogena 173 174 magnifica) Methylococcus capsulatus str. Bath 175176 uncultured marine bacterium EB80_02D08 177 178 uncultured marinegamma proteobacterium 179 180 EBAC31A08 uncultured marine gammaproteobacterium 181 182 EBAC20E09 uncultured gamma proteobacteriumeBACHOT4E07 183 184 Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 185 186 Chromohalobactersalexigens DSM 3043 187 188 Marinobacter algicola DG893 189 190Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 191 192 Marinobacter sp. ELB17 193 194Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 195 196 Acinetobacter sp. ADP1 197198 Opitutaceae bacterium TAV2 199 200 Flavobacterium sp. MED217 201 202Cellulophaga sp. MED134 203 204 Kordia algicida OT-1 205 206Flavobacteriales bacterium ALC-1 207 208 Psychroflexus torquis ATCC700755 209 210 Flavobacteriales bacterium HTCC2170 211 212 unidentifiedeubacterium SCB49 213 214 Gramella forsetii KT0803 215 216 Robiginitaleabiformata HTCC2501 217 218 Tenacibaculum sp. MED152 219 220 Polaribacterirgensii 23-P 221 222 Pedobacter sp. BAL39 223 224 Flavobacteriabacterium BAL38 225 226 Flavobacterium psychrophilum JIP02/86 227 228Flavobacterium johnsoniae UW101 229 230 Lactococcus lactis subsp.cremoris SK11 231 232 Psychromonas ingrahamii 37 233 234 Microscillamarina ATCC 23134 235 236 Cytophaga hutchinsonii ATCC 33406 237 238Rhodopirellula baltica SH 1 239 240 Blastopirellula marina DSM 3645 241242 Planctomyces maris DSM 8797 243 244 Algoriphagus sp. PR1 245 246Candidatus Sulcia muelleri str. Hc (Homalodisca 247 248 coagulata)Candidatus Carsonella ruddii PV 249 250 Synechococcus sp. RS9916 251 252Synechococcus sp. WH 7803 253 254 Synechococcus sp. CC9311 255 256Synechococcus sp. CC9605 257 258 Synechococcus sp. WH 8102 259 260Synechococcus sp. BL107 261 262 Synechococcus sp. RCC307 263 264Synechococcus sp. RS9917 265 266 Synechococcus sp. WH 5701 267 268Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9313 269 270 Prochlorococcus marinusstr. NATL2A 271 272 Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9215 273 274Prochlorococcus marinus str. AS9601 275 276 Prochlorococcus marinus str.MIT 9515 277 278 Prochlorococcus marinus subsp. pastoris str. 279 280CCMP1986 Prochlorococcus marinus str. MIT 9211 281 282 Prochlorococcusmarinus subsp. marinus str. 283 284 CCMP1375 Nodularia spumigena CCY9414285 286 Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 287 288 Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 289 290Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 291 292 Acaryochloris marina MBIC11017293 294 Lyngbya sp. PCC 8106 295 296 Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 297 298Cyanothece sp. CCY0110 299 300 Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 301302 Synechococcus sp. JA-2-3B′a(2-13) 303 304 Gloeobacter violaceus PCC7421 305 306 Nitrosomonas eutropha C91 307 308 Nitrosomonas europaeaATCC 19718 309 310 Nitrosospira multiformis ATCC 25196 311 312Chloroflexus aggregans DSM 9485 313 314 Leptospirillum sp. Group II UBA315 316 Leptospirillum sp. Group II UBA 317 318 Halorhodospira halophilaSL1 319 320 Nitrococcus mobilis Nb-231 321 322 Alkalilimnicola ehrlicheiMLHE-1 323 324 Deinococcus geothermalis DSM 11300 325 326Polynucleobacter sp. QLW-P1DMWA-1 327 328 Polynucleobacter necessariusSTIR1 329 330 Azoarcus sp. EbN1 331 332 Burkholderia phymatum STM815 333334 Burkholderia xenovorans LB400 335 336 Burkholderia multivorans ATCC17616 337 338 Burkholderia cenocepacia PC184 339 340 Burkholderia malleiGB8 horse 4 341 342 Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 343 344 Ralstoniametallidurans CH34 345 346 Ralstonia solanacearum UW551 347 348Ralstonia pickettii 12J 349 350 Limnobacter sp. MED105 351 352Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans 353 354 Bordetella parapertussis 355 356Bordetella petrii DSM 12804 357 358 Polaromonas sp. JS666 359 360Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2 361 362 Rhodoferax ferrireducens T118363 364 Verminephrobacter eiseniae EF01-2 365 366 Acidovorax sp. JS42367 368 Delftia acidovorans SPH-1 369 370 Methylibium petroleiphilum PM1371 372 gamma proteobacterium KT 71 373 374 Tremblaya princeps 375 376Blastopirellula marina DSM 3645 377 378 Planctomyces mans DSM 8797 379380 Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 381 382 Salinibacter ruber DSM 13855383 384 Methylobacterium chloromethanicum 385 386

TABLE 4 SEQ ID NOs of Representative Fungal and Plant [2Fe—2S]²⁺ DHADProteins and Encoding Sequences SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: DescriptionNucleic acid Peptide Schizosaccharomyces pombe ILV3 387 388Saccharomyces cerevisiae ILV3 389 390 Kluyveromyces lactis ILV3 391 392Candida albicans SC5314 ILV3 393 394 Pichia stipitis CBS 6054 ILV3 395396 Yarrowia lipolytica ILV3 397 398 Candida glabrata CBS 138 ILV3 399400 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 401 402 Ostreococcus lucimarinus CCE9901403 404 Vitis vinifera 405 406 (Unnamed protein product: CAO71581.1)Vitis vinifera 407 408 (Hypothetical protein: CAN67446.1) Arabidopsisthaliana 409 410 Oryza sativa (indica cultivar-group) 411 412Physcomitrella patens subsp. patens 413 414 Chaetomium globosum CBS148.51 415 416 Neurospora crassa OR74A 417 418 Magnaporthe grisea 70-15419 420 Gibberella zeae PH-1 421 422 Aspergillus niger 423 424Neosartorya fischeri NRRL 181 425 426 (XP_001266525.1) Neosartoryafischeri NRRL 181 427 428 (XP_001262996.1) Aspergillus niger 429 430(hypothetical protein An03g04520) Aspergillus niger 431 432(Hypothetical protein An14g03280) Aspergillus terreus NIH2624 433 434Aspergillus clavatus NRRL 1 435 436 Aspergillus nidulans FGSC A4 437 438Aspergillus oryzae 439 440 Ajellomyces capsulatus NAm1 441 442Coccidioides immitis RS 443 444 Botryotinia fuckeliana B05.10 445 446Phaeosphaeria nodorum SN15 447 448 Pichia guilliermondii ATCC 6260 449450 Debaryomyces hansenii CBS767 451 452 Lodderomyces elongisporus NRRLYB- 453 454 4239 Vanderwaltozyma polyspora DSM 70294 455 456 Ashbyagossypii ATCC 10895 457 458 Laccaria bicolor S238N-H82 459 460Coprinopsis cinerea okayama7#130 461 462 Cryptococcus neoformans var.neoformans 463 464 JEC21 Ustilago maydis 521 465 466 Malassezia globosaCBS 7966 467 468 Aspergillus clavatus NRRL 1 469 470 Neosartoryafischeri NRRL 181 471 472 (Putative) Aspergillus oryzae 473 474Aspergillus niger (hypothetical protein 475 476 An18g04160) Aspergillusterreus NIH2624 477 478 Coccidioides immitis RS (hypothetical 479 480protein CIMG_04591) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 481 482 Phaeosphaerianodorum SN15 483 484 Gibberella zeae PH-1 485 486 Neurospora crassaOR74A 487 488 Coprinopsis cinerea okayama 7#130 489 490 Laccaria bicolorS238N-H82 491 492 Ustilago maydis 521 493 494

TABLE 5 SEQ ID NOs of Representative [4Fe—4S]²⁺ DHAD Proteins andEncoding Sequences SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: Organism Nucleic acid PeptideEscherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655 495 496 Bacillus subtilissubsp. subtilis str. 168 497 498 Agrobacterium tumefaciens str. C58 499500 Burkholderia cenocepacia MC0-3 501 502 Psychrobacter cryohalolentisK5 503 504 Psychromonas sp. CNPT3 505 506 Deinococcus radiodurans R1 507508 Wolinella succinogenes DSM 1740 509 510 Zymomonas mobilis subsp.mobilis ZM4 511 512 Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 513 514Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 515 516 Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5517 518 Methanococcus maripaludis C7 519 520 Methanococcus aeolicusNankai-3 521 522 Vibrio fischeri ATCC 700601 (ES114) 523 524 Shewanellaoneidensis MR-1 ATCC 700550 525 526

Additional [2Fe-2S]²⁺ DHADs can be identified using the analysisdescribed in co-pending U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2010/0081154, which is herein incorporated by reference. The analysis isas follows: A Profile Hidden Markov Model (HMM) was prepared based onamino acid sequences of eight functionally verified DHADs. These DHADsare from Nitrosomonas europaea (DNA SEQ ID NO:309; protein SEQ IDNO:310), Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 (DNA SEQ ID:297; protein SEQ IDNO:298), Streptococcus mutans (DNA SEQ ID NO:167; protein SEQ IDNO:168), Streptococcus thermophilus (DNA SEQ ID NO:163; protein SEQ IDNO:164), Ralstonia metallidurans (DNA SEQ ID NO:345; protein SEQ IDNO:346), Ralstonia eutropha (DNA SEQ ID NO:343; protein SEQ ID NO:344),and Lactococcus lactis (DNA SEQ ID NO:231; protein SEQ ID NO:232). Inaddition, the DHAD from Flavobacterium johnsoniae (DNA SEQ ID NO:229;protein SEQ ID NO:230) was found to have DHAD activity when expressed inEscherichia coli and was used in making the Profile.

The Profile HMM was built as follows:

Step 1. Build a Sequence Alignment

The eight sequences for the functionally verified DHADs listed abovewere aligned using Clustal W with default parameters.

Step 2. Build a Profile HMM

The hmmbuild program was run on the set of aligned sequences usingdefault parameters. The hmmbuild reads the multiple sequence alignmentfile, builds a new Profile HMM, and saves the Profile HMM to file. Usingthis program, an un-calibrated profile was generated from the multiplealignment for each set of subunit sequences described herein.

The following information based on the HMMER software user guide givessome description of the way that the hmmbuild program prepares a ProfileHMM. A Profile HMM is capable of modeling gapped alignments, forexample, insertions and deletions, which allows the software to describea complete conserved domain (rather than just a small ungapped motif).Insertions and deletions are modeled using insertion (I) states anddeletion (D) states. All columns that contain more than a certainfraction x of gap characters will be assigned as an insert column. Bydefault, x is set to 0.5. Each match state has an I and a D stateassociated with it. HMMER calls a group of three states (M/D/I) at thesame consensus position in the alignment a “node.” These states areinterconnected with arrows called state transition probabilities. M andI states are emitters, while D states are silent. The transitions arearranged so that at each node, either the M state is used (and a residueis aligned and scored) or the D state is used (and no residue isaligned, resulting in a deletion-gap character, ‘-’). Insertions occurbetween nodes, and I states have a self-transition, allowing one or moreinserted residues to occur between consensus columns.

The scores of residues in a match state (i.e., match state emissionscores) or in an insert state (i.e., insert state emission scores) areproportional to Log_2 (p_x)/(null_x). Where p_x is the probability of anamino acid residue, at a particular position in the alignment, accordingto the Profile HMM and null_x is the probability according to the Nullmodel. The Null model is a simple one state probabilistic model withpre-calculated set of emission probabilities for each of the 20 aminoacids derived from the distribution of amino acids in the SWISS-PROTrelease 24.

State transition scores are also calculated as log odds parameters andare proportional to Log_2 (t_x). Where t_x is the probability oftransiting to an emitter or non-emitter state.

Step 3. Calibrate the Profile HMM

The Profile HMM was read using hmmcalibrate which scores a large numberof synthesized random sequences with the Profile (the default number ofsynthetic sequences used is 5,000), fits an extreme value distribution(EVD) to the histogram of those scores, and re-saves the HMM file nowincluding the EVD parameters. These EVD parameters (μ and are used tocalculate the E-values of bit scores when the profile is searchedagainst a protein sequence database. hmmcalibrate writes two parametersinto the HMM file on a line labeled “EVD”: these parameters are the μ(location) and λ (scale) parameters of an extreme value distribution(EVD) that best fits a histogram of scores calculated on randomlygenerated sequences of about the same length and residue composition asSWISS-PROT. This calibration was done once for the Profile HMM.

The calibrated Profile HMM for the DHAD set of sequences is provided inTable 6 (found on pages 108-155). The Profile HMM is provided in a chartthat gives the probability of each amino acid occurring at each positionin the amino acid sequence. The highest probability is highlighted foreach position. The first line for each position reports the matchemission scores: probability for each amino acid to be in that state(highest score is highlighted). The second line reports the insertemission scores, and the third line reports on state transition scores:M→M, M→I, M→D; I→M, I→I; D→M, D→D; B→M; M→E.

For example, the DHAD Profile HMM shows that methionine has a 1757probability of being in the first position, the highest probabilitywhich is highlighted. In the second position, glutamic acid has thehighest probability, which is 1356. In the third position, lysine hasthe highest probability, which is 1569.

Step 4. Test the Specificity and Sensitivity of the Built Profile HMMs

The Profile HMM was evaluated using hmmsearch, which reads a Profile HMMfrom hmmfile and searches a sequence file for significantly similarsequence matches. The sequence file searched contained 976 sequences(see above). During the search, the size of the database (Z parameter)was set to 1 billion. This size setting ensures that significantE-values against the current database will remain significant in theforeseeable future. The E-value cutoff was set at 10.

A hmmer search with the Profile HMM generated from the alignment of theeight DHADs with experimentally verified function, matched all 976sequences with an E value <10⁻⁵. This result indicates that members ofthe dehydratase superfamily share significant sequence similarity. Ahmmer search with a cutoff of E value 10⁻⁵ was used to separate DHADrelated dehydratases from other more remote but related proteins, asdescribed herein.

The Profile HMM is prepared using the HMMER software package (seeDurbin, et al., Biological sequence analysis: probabilistic models ofproteins and nucleic acids, Cambridge University Press, 1998; Krogh, etal., J. Mol. Biol. 235:1501-1531, 1994), following the user guide whichis available from HMMER (Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Va.).The output of the HMMER software program is a Profile Hidden MarkovModel (HMM) that characterizes the input sequences. The Profile HMMprepared for the eight DHAD proteins is given in Table 6 (pages108-155).

This Profile HMM for DHADs can be used to identify DHAD relatedproteins. Any protein that matches the Profile HMM with an E value of<10⁻⁵ is a DHAD related protein, which includes [4Fe-4S]²⁺ DHADs,[2Fe-2S]²⁺ DHADs, aldonic acid dehydratases, and phosphogluconatedehydratases.

Sequences matching the Profile HMM given herein are then analyzed forthe presence of the three conserved cysteines described herein. Theexact positions of the three conserved cysteines can vary, and these canbe identified in the context of the surrounding sequence using multiplesequence alignments performed with the Clustal W algorithm (Thompson, etal., Nuc. Acid Res. 22: 4673-4680, 1994) employing the followingparameters: 1) for pairwise alignment parameters, a Gap opening=10; Gapextend=0.1; matrix is Gonnet 250; and mode—Slow-accurate, 2) formultiple alignment parameters, Gap opening=10; Gap extension=0.2; andmatrix is Gonnet series. For example, the three conserved cysteines arelocated at amino acid positions 56, 129, and 201 in the Streptococcusmutans DHAD (SEQ ID NO:168), and at amino acid positions 61, 135, and207 in the Lactococcus lactis DHAD (SEQ ID NO:232). The exact positionsof the three conserved cysteines in other protein sequences correspondto these positions in the Streptococcus mutans or the Lactococcus lactisamino acid sequence. One skilled in the art will readily be able toidentify the presence or absence of each of the three conservedcysteines in the amino acid sequence of a DHAD protein using pairwise ormultiple sequence alignments. In addition, other methods can be used todetermine the presence of the three conserved cysteines, such as byvisual analysis.

The DHAD Profile HMM matching proteins that have two, but not the third(position 56) conserved cysteine, include [4Fe-4S]²⁺ DHADs andphosphogluconate dehydratases (EDDs). Proteins having the threeconserved cysteines include arabonate dehydratases and [2Fe-2S]²⁺ DHADs,and are members of a [2Fe-2S]²⁺ DHAD/aldonic acid dehydratase group. The[2Fe-2S]²⁺ DHADs can be distinguished from the aldonic acid dehydratasesby analyzing for signature conserved amino acids found to be present inthe [2Fe-2S]²⁺ DHADs or in the aldonic acid dehydratases at positionscorresponding to the following positions in the Streptococcus mutansDHAD amino acid sequence. These signature amino acids are in [2Fe-2S]²⁺DHADs or in aldonic acid dehydratases, respectively, at the followingpositions (with greater than 90% occurrence): 88 asparagine vs. glutamicacid; 113 not conserved vs. glutamic acid; 142 arginine or asparaginevs. not conserved; 165 not conserved vs. glycine; 208 asparagine vs. notconserved; 454 leucine vs. not conserved; 477 phenylalanine or tyrosinevs. not conserved; and 487 glycine vs. not conserved.

The disclosed methods for identification of [2Fe-2S]²⁺ DHAD enzymes canbe carried out on a single sequence or on a group of sequences. In anembodiment, one or more sequence databases may be queried with a ProfileHMM as described herein.

Additionally, the sequences of DHAD coding regions provided herein canbe used to identify other homologs in nature. Such methods arewell-known in the art, and various methods that can be used to isolategenes encoding homologous proteins are described in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2010/0081154, which such methods areincorporated by reference herein.

DHAD variant polypeptides provided herein may be, for example, of a sizeof about 10 or more, about 20 or more, about 25 or more, about 50 ormore, about 75 or more, about 100 or more, about 200 or more, about 500or more, about 1,000 or more, or about 2,000 or more amino acids.Polypeptides can have a defined three-dimensional structure, althoughthey do not necessarily have such structure. Polypeptides with a definedthree-dimensional structure are referred to as folded, and polypeptideswhich do not possess a defined three-dimensional structure, but rathercan adopt a large number of different conformations, and are referred toas unfolded.

Also provided are active fragments of the DHAD variant polypeptides. A“fragment” is a unique portion of a polypeptide or other enzyme used inthe invention which is identical in sequence to but shorter in lengththan the parent full-length sequence. A fragment can comprise up to theentire length of the defined sequence, minus one amino acid residue. Forexample, a fragment can comprise from about 5 to about 1,000 contiguousamino acid residues. A fragment can be, for example, at least 5, 10, 15,20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 150, 250, 500, 750, or 1,000 contiguousamino acid residues in length. Fragments can be preferentially selectedfrom certain regions of a molecule. For example, a polypeptide fragmentcan comprise a certain length of contiguous amino acids selected fromthe first 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 amino acids of a polypeptide asshown in a certain defined sequence. Alternatively, a polypeptidefragment can comprise a certain length of contiguous amino acidsselected from the last 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 amino acids of apolypeptide as shown in a certain defined sequence. Clearly theselengths are exemplary, and any length that is supported by thespecification, including the Sequence Listing, tables, and figures, canbe encompassed by the present embodiments. In certain embodiments, theDHAD variant polypeptide fragments have DHAD activity, and thus arecapable of catalyzing the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate toα-ketoisovalerate.

DHAD Activity Assays

The presence of DHAD activity in a cell engineered to express aheterologous DHAD can be confirmed using methods known in the art and/ordescribed herein. As one example, crude extracts from cells engineeredto express a bacterial DHAD can be used in a DHAD assay as described inthe Examples herein or as described by Flint and Emptage (J. Biol. Chem.263(8): 3558-64, 1988) using dinitrophenylhydrazine. In another example,DHAD activity can be assayed by the methods disclosed in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2010/0081154, incorporated herein byreference, in a yeast strain that lacks endogenous DHAD activity. IfDHAD activity is present, the yeast strain will grow in the absence ofbranched-chain amino acids. DHAD activity can also be confirmed by moreindirect methods, such as by assaying for a downstream product in apathway requiring DHAD activity. Any product that has α-ketoisovalerateor α-ketomethylvalerate as a pathway intermediate can be measured in anassay for DHAD activity. A list of such products includes, but is notlimited to, valine, isoleucine, leucine, pantothenic acid,2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and isobutanol.

Nucleic Acid Molecules

Provided herein are isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode the DHADvariant polypeptides described herein. The coding region of the isolatednucleic acid encoding the DHAD variant can be codon optimized for aparticular target host cell, as is well known to one skilled in the art.The isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be comprised ina vector. Vectors useful for the transformation of a variety of hostcells are common and commercially available from companies such asEpicentre™ (Madison, Wis.), Invitrogen Corp. (Carlsbad, Calif.),Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.), and New England Biolabs, Inc. (Beverly,Mass.). Typically, the vector contains a selectable marker and sequencesallowing autonomous replication or chromosomal integration in thedesired host. In addition, suitable vectors comprise a promoter regionwhich harbors transcriptional initiation controls and a transcriptionaltermination control region, between which a coding region DNA fragmentcan be inserted, to provide expression of the inserted coding region.Both control regions can be derived from genes homologous to thetransformed host cell, although it is to be understood that such controlregions can also be, for example, derived from genes that are not nativeto the specific species chosen as a host.

Initiation control regions or promoters, which are useful to driveexpression of bacterial DHAD variant coding regions in the desiredbacterial host cell, are numerous and familiar to those skilled in theart. Virtually any promoter capable of driving these genetic elements issuitable for the present invention including, but not limited to, lac,ara, tet, trp, IP_(L), IP_(R), T7, tac, and trc promoters (useful forexpression in Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes, and Pseudomonas); the amy,apr, and npr promoters, and various phage promoters useful forexpression in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, andPaenibacillus macerans; nisA (useful for expression Gram-positivebacteria, Eichenbaum, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(8):2763-2769,1998); and the synthetic P11 promoter (useful for expression inLactobacillus plantarum, Rud, et al., Microbiology 152:1011-1019, 2006).Termination control regions can also be derived from various genesnative to the preferred hosts. Optionally, a termination site can beunnecessary; however, it is most preferred if included.

Certain vectors are capable of replicating in a broad range of hostbacteria and can be transferred by conjugation. The complete andannotated sequence of pRK404 and three related vectors: pRK437, pRK442,and pRK442(H), are available. These derivatives have proven to bevaluable tools for genetic manipulation in Gram-negative bacteria(Scott, et al., Plasmid 50(1):74-79, 2003). Several plasmid derivativesof broad-host-range Inc P4 plasmid RSF1010 are also available withpromoters that can function in a range of Gram-negative bacteria.Plasmid pAYC36 and pAYC37 have active promoters along with multiplecloning sites to allow for heterologous gene expression in Gram-negativebacteria. Some vectors that are useful for transformation of Bacillussubtilis and Lactobacillus include pAMβ1 and derivatives thereof(Renault, et al., Gene 183:175-182, 1996; and O'Sullivan, et al., Gene137:227-231, 1993); pMBB1 and pHW800, a derivative of pMBB1 (Wyckoff, etal., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1481-1486, 1996); pMG1, a conjugativeplasmid (Tanimoto, et al., J. Bacteriol. 184:5800-5804, 2002); pNZ9520(Kleerebezem, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:4581-4584, 1997);pAM401 (Fujimoto, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1262-1267, 2001);and pAT392 (Arthur, et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:1899-1903,1994). Several plasmids from Lactobacillus plantarum have also beenreported (van Kranenburg, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol.71(3):1223-1230, 2005).

Chromosomal gene replacement tools are also widely available. Forexample, a thermosensitive variant of the broad-host-range repliconpWV101 has been modified to construct a plasmid pVE6002 which can beused to effect gene replacement in a range of Gram-positive bacteria(Maguin, et al., J. Bacteriol. 174(17):5633-5638, 1992). Additionally,in vitro transposomes are available from commercial sources such asEpicentre™ to create random mutations in a variety of genomes.

Vectors suitable for expression and propagation in yeast cells are alsowell known. Methods for gene expression in yeast are known in the art(see, e.g., Methods in Enzymology, Volume 194, Guide to Yeast Geneticsand Molecular and Cell Biology (Part A, 2004, Christine Guthrie andGerald R. Fink (Eds.), Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.).Expression of genes in yeast typically requires a promoter, operablylinked to a coding region of interest, and a transcriptional terminator.A number of yeast promoters can be used in constructing expressioncassettes for genes in yeast including, but not limited to, promotersderived from the following genes: CYC1, HIS3, GAL1, GAL10, ADH1, PGK,PHO5, GAPDH, ADC1, TRP1, URA3, LEU2, ENO, TPI, CUP1, FBA, GPD, GPM, andAOX1. Suitable transcriptional terminators include, but are not limitedto, FBAt, GPDt, GPMt, ERG10t, GAL1t, CYC1, and ADH1.

Suitable promoters, transcriptional terminators, and a DHAD variantcoding regions can be cloned into Escherichia coli (E. coli)-yeastshuttle vectors, and transformed into yeast cells, for example. Thesevectors allow strain propagation in both E. coli and yeast strains.Typically, the vector used contains a selectable marker and sequencesallowing autonomous replication or chromosomal integration in thedesired host. Typically used plasmids in yeast are shuttle vectorspRS423, pRS424, pRS425, and pRS426 (American Type Culture Collection,Rockville, Md.), which contain an E. coli replication origin (e.g.,pMB1), a yeast 2p, origin of replication, and a marker for nutritionalselection. The selection markers for these four vectors are His3 (vectorpRS423), Trp1 (vector pRS424), Leu2 (vector pRS425), and Ura3 (vectorpRS426). Construction of expression vectors with a chimeric geneencoding the described DHAD variants can be performed, for example, byeither standard molecular cloning techniques in E. coli or by the gaprepair recombination method in yeast.

The gap repair cloning approach takes advantage of the highly efficienthomologous recombination in yeast. Typically, a yeast vector DNA isdigested (e.g., in its multiple cloning site) to create a “gap” in itssequence. A number of insert DNAs of interest are generated that containa 21 bp sequence at both the 5′ and the 3′ ends that sequentiallyoverlap with each other, and with the 5′ and 3′ terminus of the vectorDNA. For example, to construct a yeast expression vector for “Gene X”, ayeast promoter and a yeast terminator are selected for the expressioncassette. The promoter and terminator are amplified from the yeastgenomic DNA, and Gene X is either PCR amplified from its source organismor obtained from a cloning vector comprising Gene X sequence. There isat least a 21 bp overlapping sequence between the 5′ end of thelinearized vector and the promoter sequence, between the promoter andGene X, between Gene X and the terminator sequence, and between theterminator and the 3′ end of the linearized vector. The “gapped” vectorand the insert DNAs are then co-transformed into a yeast strain andplated on the medium containing the appropriate compound mixtures thatallow complementation of the nutritional selection markers on theplasmids. The presence of correct insert combinations can be confirmedby PCR mapping using plasmid DNA prepared from the selected cells. Theplasmid DNA isolated from yeast (usually low in concentration) can thenbe transformed into an E. coli strain, for example, TOP10, followed bymini preps and restriction mapping to further verify the plasmidconstruct. Finally, the construct can be verified by sequence analysis.

Like the gap repair technique, integration into the yeast genome alsotakes advantage of the homologous recombination system in yeast.Typically, a cassette containing a coding region plus control elements(promoter and terminator) and auxotrophic marker is PCR-amplified with ahigh-fidelity DNA polymerase using primers that hybridize to thecassette and contain 40-70 base pairs of sequence homology to theregions 5′ and 3′ of the genomic area where insertion is desired. ThePCR product is then transformed into yeast and plated on mediumcontaining the appropriate compound mixtures that allow selection forthe integrated auxotrophic marker. For example, to integrate “Gene X”into chromosomal location “Y,” the promoter-coding region X-terminatorconstruct is PCR amplified from a plasmid DNA construct and joined to anautotrophic marker (such as URA3) by either SOE PCR or by commonrestriction digests and cloning. The full cassette, containing thepromoter-coding region X-terminator-URA3 region, is PCR amplified withprimer sequences that contain 40-70 base pairs (bps) of homology to theregions 5′ and 3′ of location “Y” on the yeast chromosome. The PCRproduct is transformed into yeast and selected on growth media lackinguracil. Transformants can be verified either by colony PCR or by directsequencing of chromosomal DNA.

Recombinant Host Cells

The isolated nucleic acid molecules and vectors of the invention can betransformed into a host cell for DHAD expression and activity. Suitablehost cells include any cell capable of genetic manipulation, and includebacteria, cyanobacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts.

The microbial hosts selected for the production of isobutanol arepreferably tolerant to isobutanol and should be able to convertcarbohydrates to isobutanol. The criteria for selection of suitablemicrobial hosts include, for example, the following: intrinsic toleranceto isobutanol, high rate of glucose utilization, availability of genetictools for gene manipulation, and the ability to generate stablechromosomal alterations.

Yeast Cells

Yeast cells that can be hosts for expression of a DHAD variant of theinvention are any yeast cells that are amenable to genetic manipulationand include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces,Hansenula, Candida, Kluyveromyces, Yarrowia, and Pichia. Suitablestrains include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromycesthermotolerans, Candida glabrata, Candida albicans, Pichia stipitis, andYarrowia lipolytica. In some embodiments, the yeast host isSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast are known inthe art and are available from a variety of sources including, but notlimited to, American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.),Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) Fungal Biodiversity Centre,LeSaffre, Gert Strand AB, Ferm Solutions, North American Bioproducts,Martrex, and Lallemand. Saccharomyces cerevisiae include, but are notlimited to, BY4741, CEN.PK 113-7D, Ethanol Red® yeast, Ferm Pro™ yeast,Bio-Ferm® XR yeast, Gert Strand Prestige Batch Turbo alcohol yeast, GertStrand Pot Distillers yeast, Gert Strand Distillers Turbo yeast, FerMax™Green yeast, FerMax™ Gold yeast, Thermosacc® yeast, BG-1, PE-2, CAT-1,CBS7959, CBS7960, and CBS7961.

Expression is achieved by transforming the host cell with a genecomprising a sequence encoding any of the DHAD variants of theinvention. The coding region for the DHAD to be expressed can be codonoptimized for the yeast cell, as is well known to one skilled in theart.

In some embodiments, reducing production of an endogenous iron-sulfur(Fe—S) protein in a yeast host cell may result in an improvement inactivity of an expressed heterologous Fe—S cluster protein, such as thevariant DHAD enzymes of the invention. For example, in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, the native DHAD is encoded by ILV3, and is amitochondrially-localized protein. Thus, in any of the yeast hostsdescribed herein, an endogenous ILV3 gene can be inactivated to reduceendogenous Fe—S protein expression. ILV3 encodes mitochondrial DHAD thatis involved in branched chain amino acid biosynthesis. MitochondrialDHAD is encoded by a nuclear gene, and has a mitochondrial targetingsignal sequence so that it is transported to and localized in themitochondrion. Any ILV3 gene can be inactivated in a yeast host cell ofthis disclosure. Examples of yeast ILV3 inactivation target genes andtheir encoded proteins are those from Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJM78(coding SEQ ID NO:389; protein SEQ ID NO:390), Schizosaccharomyces pombe(coding SEQ ID NO:387; protein SEQ ID NO:3884), Candida galbrata strainCBS 138 (coding SEQ ID NO:399; protein SEQ ID NO:400), Candida albicansSC5314 (coding SEQ ID NO:393; protein SEQ ID NO:394), Kluyveromyceslactis (coding SEQ ID NO:391; protein SEQ ID NO:392), Yarrowialipolytica (coding SEQ ID NO:397; protein SEQ ID NO:398), and Pichiastipitis CBS 6054 (coding SEQ ID NO:395; protein SEQ ID NO:396).

In addition, in some embodiments, over-expression of the transcriptionalactivator genes AFT1 and/or AFT2 or homologs thereof in a recombinantyeast microorganism improves DHAD activity. Thus, the invention alsoprovides recombinant yeast host cells comprising the isolated nucleicacid molecules of the invention, further genetically engineered to haveincreased heterologous or native expression of AFT1 and/or AFT2 orhomologs thereof. Grx3, Grx4, and Fra2 are proteins involved iniron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis in yeast. Grx3 and Grx4 are monothiolglutaredoxins that have been shown to be involved in cellular Fe contentmodulation and delivery in yeast. Glutaredoxins areglutathione-dependent thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases that function inmaintaining the cellular redox homeostasis. Saccharomyces cerevisiae hastwo dithiol glutaredoxins (Grx1 and Grx2) and three monothiolglutaredoxins (Grx3, Grx4, and Grx5). The monothiol glutaredoxins arebelieved to reduce mixed disulfides formed between a protein andglutathione in a process known as deglutathionylation. Thus, theinvention is also directed to a recombinant host described herein (e.g.,yeast) further genetically modified to disrupt a gene encoding anendogenous Fra2, Grx3, and/or Grx4 or a homolog thereof. In someembodiments, increases in DHAD activity may be observed in yeast cellswith disruptions in FRA2, GRX3, and/or GRX4.

In some embodiments, the invention is also directed to a recombinanthost described herein (e.g., yeast) further genetically modified todisrupt (e.g., delete) a gene encoding pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC). Insome embodiments, the PDC is PDC1, PDC5, PDC6, or combinations thereof.

Bacterial Cells

In some embodiments, the recombinant host cell is a prokaryotic cell. Incertain embodiments, the recombinant host cell is a bacterial cell. Inother embodiments, the bacterial cell is a lactic acid bacterial (LAB)cell selected from the group consisting of Lactococcus, Lactobacillus,Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, and Streptococcus. In still otherembodiments, the bacterial host cell is the lactic acid bacteriaLactobacillus. In some embodiments, the bacterial host cell isLactobacillus plantarum.

Bacterial cells that can be hosts for expression of a heterologousbacterial [2Fe-2S]²⁺ DHAD include, but are not limited to, Clostridium,Zymomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus,Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella,Paenibacillus, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium,Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, and Streptococcus.Engineering expression of a heterologous DHAD variant can increase DHADactivity in a host bacterial cell that naturally expresses a [2Fe-2S]²⁺DHAD or a [4Fe-4S]²⁺ DHAD. Such host cells can include, for example,Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, engineeringexpression of a heterologous DHAD variant provides DHAD activity in ahost bacterial cell that has no endogenous DHAD activity. Such hostcells can include, for example, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus,Pediococcus, and Leuconostoc.

Specific hosts include: Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes eutrophus,Bacillus licheniformis, Paenibacillus macerans, Rhodococcuserythropolis, Pseudomonas putida, Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcusfaecium, Enterococcus gallinarium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillussubtilis. Bacterial cells can be genetically modified for expression ofDHAD variants using methods well known to one skilled in the art.Expression of DHAD variants is generally achieved by transformingsuitable bacterial host cells with a sequence encoding a DHAD variantprotein. Typically, the coding sequence is part of a chimeric gene usedfor transformation, which includes a promoter operably linked to thecoding sequence as well as a ribosome binding site and a terminationcontrol region. The coding region can be from the host cell fortransformation and combined with regulatory sequences that are notnative to the natural gene encoding the variant DHAD. Alternatively, thecoding region can be from another host cell.

Initiation control regions or promoters, which are useful to driveexpression of a DHAD variant coding region in bacteria, are familiar tothose skilled in the art. Some examples include the amy, apr, and nprpromoters; nisA promoter (useful for expression Gram-positive bacteria(Eichenbaum, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(8):2763-2769, 1998);and the synthetic P11 promoter (useful for expression in Lactobacillusplantarum, Rud, et al., Microbiology 152:1011-1019, 2006). In addition,the ldhL1 and fabZ1 promoters of Lactobacillus plantarum are useful forexpression of chimeric genes in bacteria. The fabZ1 promoter directstranscription of an operon with the first gene, fabZ1, encoding(3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl carrier protein] dehydratase. Terminationcontrol regions can also be derived from various genes, typically fromgenes native to the preferred hosts. In other embodiments, a terminationsite is unnecessary.

Vectors can be introduced into lactic acid bacteria (LAB) host cellsusing methods known in the art, such as electroporation (Cruz-Rodz, etal., Molecular Genetics and Genomics 224:1252-154, 1990; Bringel, etal., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 33:664-670, 1990; Alegre, et al., FEMSMicrobiology Letters 241:73-77, 2004), and conjugation (Shrago, et al.,Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:574-576, 1986). A chimeric DHAD gene canalso be integrated into the chromosome of LAB using integration vectors(Hols, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1401-1403, 1990; Jang, etal., Micro. Lett. 24:191-195, 2003).

Lactic acid bacteria are well characterized and are used commercially ina number of industrial processes. Although it is known that some lacticacid bacteria possess iron-sulfur (Fe—S) cluster requiring enzymes (Liu,et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275(17); 12367-12373, 2000) and therefore possessthe genetic machinery to produce Fe—S clusters, little is known aboutthe ability of lactic acid bacteria to insert Fe—S clusters intoheterologous enzymes, and little is known about the facility with whichFe—S cluster forming proteins can be expressed in lactic acid bacteria.

To obtain high levels of product in a lactic acid bacteria from abiosynthetic pathway including DHAD activity, high expression of DHADactivity is desired. The activity of the Fe—S requiring DHAD enzyme in ahost cell can be limited, for example, by the availability of Fe—Sclusters in the cell. Increasing the expression of Fe—S cluster formingproteins effectively increased the activity of DHAD in LAB cells. Thus,in certain embodiments, a lactic acid bacterial host cell is geneticallyengineered to express at least one recombinant genetic expressionelement encoding Fe—S cluster forming proteins. The genetic engineeringof lactic acid bacteria to express iron-sulfur cluster forming proteinsis described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0081182,which is herein incorporated by reference.

Expression of any set of proteins for Fe—S cluster formation can be usedto increase DHAD activity in LAB cells. There are three known groups ofFe—S cluster forming proteins. These proteins are encoded by three typesof operons: the Suf operon, the Isc operon, and the Nif operon. U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0081182 discloses the Sufoperons of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), Lactobacillus lactis(L. lactis), and Escherichia coli (E. coli); the Isc operon of E. coli;and the Nif operon of Wolinella succinogenes.

Culture Conditions for Butanol Production

The invention also provides a method for the production of butanol(e.g., isobutanol) comprising providing recombinant host cellscomprising the isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention;culturing the recombinant host cell in a fermentation medium undersuitable conditions to produce isobutanol from pyruvate; and recoveringthe isobutanol. In certain embodiments, the isobutanol is produced at atiter that is increased as compared to a recombinant host cell that doesnot contain the amino acid substitutions. In other embodiments, theisobutanol is produced at a rate that is increased by at least about 5%,at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at leastabout 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%,at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at leastabout 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 100%,at least about 200%, or at least about 300% as compared to a recombinanthost cell that does not contain the amino acid substitutions. In otheraspects of the method to produce isobutanol, the concentration ofisobutanol in the fermentation medium is greater than or equal to about10 mM, greater than or equal to about 20 mM, greater than or equal toabout 30 mM, greater than or equal to about 40 mM, greater than or equalto about 50 mM, greater than or equal to about 60 mM, greater than orequal to about 70 mM, greater than or equal to about 80 mM, greater thanor equal to about 90 mM, or greater than or equal to about 100 mM.

Recombinant host cells disclosed herein are grown in media whichcontains suitable carbon substrates. Additional carbon substrates caninclude, but are not limited to, monosaccharides such as fructose;oligosaccharides such as lactose, maltose, galactose, or sucrose;polysaccharides such as starch or cellulose; or mixtures thereof andunpurified mixtures from renewable feedstocks such as cheese wheypermeate, cornsteep liquor, sugar beet molasses, and barley malt. Othercarbon substrates can include, but are not limited to, ethanol, lactate,succinate, and glycerol.

Additionally the carbon substrate can also be one carbon substrates suchas carbon dioxide, or methanol for which metabolic conversion into keybiochemical intermediates has been demonstrated. In addition to one andtwo carbon substrates, methylotrophic organisms are also known toutilize a number of other carbon containing compounds such asmethylamine, glucosamine, and a variety of amino acids for metabolicactivity. For example, methylotrophic yeasts are known to utilize thecarbon from methylamine to form trehalose or glycerol (Bellion, et al.,Microb. Growth C1 Compd., [Int. Symp.], 7th (1993), 415 32, Editor(s):Murrell, J. Collin; Kelly, Don P. Publisher: Intercept, Andover, UK).Similarly, various species of Candida will metabolize alanine or oleicacid (Sulter, et al., Arch. Microbiol. 153:485 489, 1990). Hence, it iscontemplated that the source of carbon utilized in the present inventioncan encompass a wide variety of carbon containing substrates and willonly be limited by the choice of organism.

Although it is contemplated that all of the above mentioned carbonsubstrates and mixtures thereof are suitable in the present invention,in some embodiments, the carbon substrates may be glucose, fructose, andsucrose, or mixtures of these with five-carbon (C5) sugars such asxylose and/or arabinose for yeasts cells modified to use C5 sugars.Sucrose can be derived from renewable sugar sources such as sugar cane,sugar beets, cassava, sweet sorghum, and mixtures thereof. Glucose anddextrose can be derived from renewable grain sources throughsaccharification of starch based feedstocks including grains such ascorn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, and mixtures thereof. In addition,fermentable sugars can be derived from renewable cellulosic orlignocellulosic biomass through processes of pretreatment andsaccharification, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,932,063,which is herein incorporated by reference. Biomass refers to anycellulosic or lignocellulosic material and includes materials comprisingcellulose, and optionally further comprising hemicellulose, lignin,starch, oligosaccharides, and/or monosaccharides. Biomass can alsocomprise additional components, such as protein and/or lipid. Biomasscan be derived from a single source, or biomass can comprise a mixturederived from more than one source; for example, biomass can comprise amixture of corn cobs and corn stover, or a mixture of grass and leaves.Biomass includes, but is not limited to, bioenergy crops, agriculturalresidues, municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, sludge frompaper manufacture, yard waste, wood and forestry waste. Examples ofbiomass include, but are not limited to, corn grain, corn cobs, cropresidues such as corn husks, corn stover, grasses, wheat, wheat straw,barley, barley straw, hay, rice straw, switchgrass, waste paper, sugarcane bagasse, sorghum, soy, components obtained from milling of grains,trees, branches, roots, leaves, wood chips, sawdust, shrubs, bushes,vegetables, fruits, flowers, animal manure, and mixtures thereof.

In addition to an appropriate carbon source, fermentation media maycontain suitable minerals, salts, cofactors, buffers, and othercomponents, known to those skilled in the art, suitable for the growthof the cultures and promotion of an enzymatic pathway comprising a DHAD.

Typically, cells are grown at a temperature in the range of about 20° C.to about 40° C. in an appropriate medium. Suitable growth media for thepresent invention include, for example, common commercially preparedmedia such as Luria Bertani (LB) broth, Sabouraud Dextrose (SD) broth,Yeast Medium (YM) broth, or broth that includes yeast nitrogen base,ammonium sulfate, and dextrose (as the carbon/energy source) or YeastExtract Peptone Dextrose (YPD) Medium, a blend of peptone, yeastextract, and dextrose in optimal proportions for growing mostSaccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Other defined or synthetic growthmedia can also be used, and the appropriate medium for growth of theparticular microorganism will be known by one skilled in the art ofmicrobiology or fermentation science. The use of agents known tomodulate catabolite repression directly or indirectly, for example,cyclic adenosine 2′:3′ monophosphate, can also be incorporated into thefermentation medium.

Suitable pH ranges for the fermentation are between about pH 5.0 toabout pH 9.0. In one embodiment, about pH 6.0 to about pH 8.0 is usedfor the initial condition. Suitable pH ranges for the fermentation ofyeast are typically between about pH 3.0 to about pH 9.0. In oneembodiment, about pH 5.0 to about pH 8.0 is used for the initialcondition. Suitable pH ranges for the fermentation of othermicroorganisms are between about pH 3.0 to about pH 7.5. In oneembodiment, about pH 4.5 to about pH 6.5 is used for the initialcondition.

Fermentations can be performed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Inone embodiment, anaerobic or microaerobic conditions are used forfermentations.

Industrial Batch and Continuous Fermentations

Isobutanol, or other products, can be produced using a batch method offermentation. A classical batch fermentation is a closed system wherethe composition of the medium is set at the beginning of thefermentation and not subject to artificial alterations during thefermentation. A variation on the standard batch system is the fed batchsystem. Fed batch fermentation processes are also suitable in thepresent invention and comprise a typical batch system with the exceptionthat the substrate is added in increments as the fermentationprogresses. Fed batch systems are useful when catabolite repression isapt to inhibit the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable tohave limited amounts of substrate in the media. Batch and fed batchfermentations are common and well known in the art, examples of whichare described by Thomas D. Brock in Biotechnology: A Textbook ofIndustrial Microbiology, Second Edition (1989) Sinauer Associates, Inc.,Sunderland, M. A., or Deshpande, Mukund V., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.,36:227, (1992), herein incorporated by reference.

Isobutanol, or other products, can also be produced using continuousfermentation methods. Continuous fermentation is an open system where adefined fermentation medium is added continuously to a bioreactor and anequal amount of conditioned media is removed simultaneously forprocessing. Continuous fermentation generally maintains the cultures ata constant high density where cells are primarily in log phase growth.Continuous fermentation allows for the modulation of one factor or anynumber of factors that affect cell growth or end product concentration.Methods of modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuousfermentation processes as well as techniques for maximizing the rate ofproduct formation are well known in the art of industrial microbiologyand a variety of methods are detailed by Brock, supra.

It is contemplated that the production of isobutanol, or other products,can be practiced using batch, fed batch, or continuous processes andthat any known mode of fermentation is suitable. Additionally, it iscontemplated that cells can be immobilized on a substrate as whole cellcatalysts and subjected to fermentation conditions for isobutanolproduction.

Biosynthetic Pathways

Expression of a DHAD variant in bacteria or yeast, as described herein,provides the transformed, recombinant host cell with dihydroxy-aciddehydratase (DHAD) activity for conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerateto α-ketoisovalerate or 2,3-dihydroxymethylvalerate toα-ketomethylvalerate. Any product that has α-ketoisovalerate orα-ketomethylvalerate as a pathway intermediate can be produced in abacterial or yeast strain disclosed herein having the describedheterologous DHAD variants. A list of such products includes, but is notlimited to, valine, isoleucine, leucine, pantothenic acid,2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and isobutanol.

For example, yeast biosynthesis of valine includes steps of acetolactateconversion to 2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate by acetohydroxyacidreductoisomerase (ILV5), conversion of 2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate toα-ketoisovalerate (also called 2-keto-isovalerate) by dihydroxy-aciddehydratase, and conversion of α-ketoisovalerate to valine bybranched-chain amino acid transaminase (BAT2) and branched-chain aminoacid aminotransferase (BAT1). Biosynthesis of leucine includes the samesteps to α-ketoisovalerate, followed by conversion of α-ketoisovalerateto α-isopropylmalate by α-isopropylmalate synthase (LEU9, LEU4),conversion of α-isopropylmalate to beta-isopropylmalate byisopropylmalate isomerase (LEU1), conversion of beta-isopropylmalate toα-ketoisocaproate by beta-IPM dehydrogenase (LEU2), and finallyconversion of α-ketoisocaproate to leucine by branched-chain amino acidtransaminase (BAT2) and branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase(BAT1). The bacterial pathway is similar, involving differently namedproteins and genes. Increased conversion of 2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate toα-ketoisovalerate will increase flow in these pathways, particularly ifone or more additional enzymes of a pathway is over-expressed. Thus, itis desired for production of valine or leucine to use a strain disclosedherein.

Biosynthesis of pantothenic acid includes a step performed by DHAD, aswell as steps performed by ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase andpantothenate synthase. Engineering of expression of these enzymes forenhanced production of pantothenic acid biosynthesis in microorganismsis described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,264, which isincorporated by reference herein.

The α-ketoisovalerate product of DHAD is an intermediate in isobutanolbiosynthetic pathways disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.7,851,188, which is incorporated by reference herein. A diagram of thedisclosed isobutanol biosynthetic pathways is provided in FIG. 2.Production of isobutanol in a strain disclosed herein benefits fromincreased DHAD activity. As disclosed herein, DHAD activity is providedby expression of a variant DHAD in a bacterial or yeast cell. Asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,851,188, steps in an example isobutanolbiosynthetic pathway include conversion of: pyruvate to acetolactate ascatalyzed, for example, by acetolactate synthase, acetolactate to2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate as catalyzed, for example, by acetohydroxy acidisomeroreductase; 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to α-ketoisovalerate ascatalyzed, for example, by acetohydroxy acid dehydratase, also calleddihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD); α-ketoisovalerate to isobutyraldehydeas catalyzed, for example, by branched-chain α-keto acid decarboxylase;and isobutyraldehyde to isobutanol as catalyzed, for example, bybranched-chain alcohol dehydrogenase. The substrate to productconversions, and enzymes involved in these reactions, are described, forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,851,188, which is incorporated by referenceherein.

Genes that can be used for expression of the pathway step enzymes namedabove other than the variant DHADs disclosed herein, as well as thosefor two additional isobutanol pathways, are described, for example, inU.S. Pat. No. 7,851,188, which is incorporated by reference herein, andadditional genes that can be used can be identified by one skilled inthe art through bioinformatics or experimentally as described herein.Ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) enzymes are also disclosed, forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,910,342 and PCT Application Publication No.WO2012/129555, both incorporated by reference herein. Examples of KARIsdisclosed therein include KARIs from Vibrio cholerae (DNA: SEQ IDNO:599; protein SEQ ID NO:600), Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, (DNA: SEQID NO:601; protein SEQ ID NO:602), Pseudomonas fluorescens PF5 (DNA: SEQID NO:603; protein SEQ ID NO:604), and Anaerostipes caccae (protein SEQID NO:605).

Additionally described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,851,188 are construction ofchimeric genes and genetic engineering of bacteria and yeast forisobutanol production using the disclosed biosynthetic pathways. In someembodiments, one or more components of the biosynthetic pathwaysdescribed herein can be endogenous to the host cell of choice, or can beheterologous. Additionally, in other embodiments, one or more of thegenes encoding the enzymes required in the biosynthetic pathways can beover-expressed in the host cell.

Methods for Butanol Isolation from the Fermentation Medium

Methods for butanol isolation from fermentation medium have beendescribed. For example, bioproduced isobutanol can be isolated from thefermentation medium using methods known in the art for ABE fermentations(see, e.g., Durre, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49:639-648, 1998; Groot,et al., Process. Biochem. 27:61-75, 1992, and references therein). Forexample, solids may be removed from the fermentation medium bycentrifugation, filtration, decantation, or the like. Then, theisobutanol can be isolated from the fermentation medium using methodssuch as distillation, azeotropic distillation, liquid-liquid extraction,adsorption, gas stripping, membrane evaporation, pervaporation, orcombinations thereof.

Because isobutanol forms a low boiling point, azeotropic mixture withwater, distillation can be used to separate the mixture up to itsazeotropic composition. Distillation may be used in combination withanother separation method to obtain separation around the azeotrope.Methods that can be used in combination with distillation to isolate andpurify butanol include, but are not limited to, decantation,liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, and membrane-based techniques.Additionally, butanol can be isolated using azeotropic distillationusing an entrainer (see, e.g., Doherty and Malone, Conceptual Design ofDistillation Systems, McGraw Hill, New York, 2001).

The butanol-water mixture forms a heterogeneous azeotrope so thatdistillation can be used in combination with decantation to isolate andpurify the isobutanol. In this method, the isobutanol containingfermentation broth is distilled to near the azeotropic composition.Then, the azeotropic mixture is condensed, and the isobutanol isseparated from the fermentation medium by decantation. The decantedaqueous phase can be returned to the first distillation column asreflux. The isobutanol-rich decanted organic phase can be furtherpurified by distillation in a second distillation column.

The isobutanol can also be isolated from the fermentation medium usingliquid-liquid extraction in combination with distillation. In thismethod, the isobutanol is extracted from the fermentation broth usingliquid-liquid extraction with a suitable solvent. Theisobutanol-containing organic phase is then distilled to separate thebutanol from the solvent.

Distillation in combination with adsorption can also be used to isolateisobutanol from the fermentation medium. In this method, thefermentation broth containing the isobutanol is distilled to near theazeotropic composition and then the remaining water is removed by use ofan adsorbent, such as molecular sieves (Aden, et al., LignocellulosicBiomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-CurrentDilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Corn Stover,Report NREL/TP-510-32438, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, June2002).

Additionally, distillation in combination with pervaporation may be usedto isolate and purify the isobutanol from the fermentation medium. Inthis method, the fermentation broth containing the isobutanol isdistilled to near the azeotropic composition, and then the remainingwater is removed by pervaporation through a hydrophilic membrane (Guo,et al., J. Membr. Sci. 245, 199-210, 2004).

In situ product removal (ISPR) (also referred to as extractivefermentation) can be used to remove butanol (or other fermentativealcohol) from the fermentation vessel as it is produced, therebyallowing the microorganism to produce butanol at high yields. One methodfor ISPR for removing fermentative alcohol that has been described inthe art is liquid-liquid extraction. In general, with regard to butanolfermentation, for example, the fermentation medium, which includes themicroorganism, is contacted with an organic extractant at a time beforethe butanol concentration reaches a toxic level. The organic extractantand the fermentation medium form a biphasic mixture. The butanolpartitions into the organic extractant phase, decreasing theconcentration in the aqueous phase containing the microorganism, therebylimiting the exposure of the microorganism to the inhibitory butanol.

Liquid-liquid extraction can be performed, for example, according to theprocesses described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2009/0305370, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated in itsentirety. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0305370 describesmethods for producing and recovering butanol from a fermentation brothusing liquid-liquid extraction, the methods comprising the step ofcontacting the fermentation broth with a water immiscible extractant toform a two-phase mixture comprising an aqueous phase and an organicphase. Typically, the extractant can be an organic extractant selectedfrom the group consisting of saturated, mono-unsaturated,poly-unsaturated (and mixtures thereof) C₁₂ to C₂₂ fatty alcohols, C₁₂to C₂₂ fatty acids, esters of C₁₂ to C₂₂ fatty acids, C₁₂ to C₂₂ fattyaldehydes, and mixtures thereof. The extractant(s) for ISPR can benon-alcohol extractants. The ISPR extractant can be an exogenous organicextractant such as oleyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, laurylalcohol, myristyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, 1-undecanol, oleic acid,lauric acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid,methyl myristate, methyl oleate, undecanal, lauric aldehyde,20-methylundecanal, and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the alcohol can be formed by contacting the alcoholin a fermentation medium with an organic acid (e.g., fatty acids) and acatalyst capable of esterfiying the alcohol with the organic acid. Insuch embodiments, the organic acid can serve as an ISPR extractant intowhich the alcohol esters partition. The organic acid can be supplied tothe fermentation vessel and/or derived from the biomass supplyingfermentable carbon fed to the fermentation vessel. Lipids present in thefeedstock can be catalytically hydrolyzed to organic acid, and the samecatalyst (e.g., enzymes) can esterify the organic acid with the alcohol.The catalyst can be supplied to the feedstock prior to fermentation, orcan be supplied to the fermentation vessel before or contemporaneouslywith the supplying of the feedstock. When the catalyst is supplied tothe fermentation vessel, alcohol esters can be obtained by hydrolysis ofthe lipids forming organic acid and substantially simultaneousesterification of the organic acid with butanol present in thefermentation vessel. Organic acid and/or native oil not derived from thefeedstock can also be fed to the fermentation vessel, with the nativeoil being hydrolyzed into organic acid. Any organic acid not esterifiedwith the alcohol can serve as part of the ISPR extractant. Theextractant containing alcohol esters can be separated from thefermentation medium, and the alcohol can be recovered from theextractant. The extractant can be recycled to the fermentation vessel.Thus, in the case of butanol production, for example, the conversion ofthe butanol to an ester reduces the free butanol concentration in thefermentation medium, shielding the microorganism from the toxic effectof increasing butanol concentration. In addition, unfractionated graincan be used as feedstock without separation of lipids therein, since thelipids can be catalytically hydrolyzed to organic acid, therebydecreasing the rate of build-up of lipids in the ISPR extractant.

In situ product removal can be carried out in a batch mode or acontinuous mode. In a continuous mode of in situ product removal,product is continually removed from the reactor. In a batchwise mode ofin situ product removal, a volume of organic extractant is added to thefermentation vessel and the extractant is not removed during theprocess. For in situ product removal, the organic extractant can contactthe fermentation medium at the start of the fermentation forming abiphasic fermentation medium. Alternatively, the organic extractant cancontact the fermentation medium after the microorganism has achieved adesired amount of growth, which can be determined by measuring theoptical density of the culture. Further, the organic extractant cancontact the fermentation medium at a time at which the product alcohollevel in the fermentation medium reaches a preselected level. In thecase of butanol production according to some embodiments of the presentinvention, the organic acid extractant can contact the fermentationmedium at a time before the butanol concentration reaches a toxic level,so as to esterify the butanol with the organic acid to produce butanolesters and consequently reduce the concentration of butanol in thefermentation vessel. The ester-containing organic phase can then beremoved from the fermentation vessel (and separated from thefermentation broth which constitutes the aqueous phase) after a desiredeffective titer of the butanol esters is achieved. In some embodiments,the ester-containing organic phase is separated from the aqueous phaseafter fermentation of the available fermentable sugar in thefermentation vessel is substantially complete.

Methods of Screening for DHAD Variants

The invention also provides yeast strains and methods of using the yeaststrains to screen for DHAD variants with increased DHAD activity ascompared to a parental DHAD enzyme. The premise behind the screen is toreduce DHAD expression and/or activity in a yeast strain to artificiallycreate a system where DHAD activity is rate-limiting for growth.Introducing a mutation into the DHAD gene resulting in a DHAD variantenzyme with increased activity will overcome the rate-limiting step,allowing the strain to grow or produce an increased amount of product,such as isobutanol. Therefore, yeast isolates expressing DHAD variantswith increased DHAD activity can be identified and selected based ontheir growth differential as compared to a control strain, or based onan increased production of a product compared to a control strain.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a yeast strain with adefect in the genetic pathway that converts pyruvate to ethanol, suchthat the yeast strain cannot grow or grows poorly in fermentation mediumcontaining glucose as the primary carbon source. The defect in thegenetic pathway that converts pyruvate to ethanol can comprise adeletion of a PDC gene or a mutation in a PDC gene that reduces PDCactivity. In certain embodiments, the PDC gene is PDC1, PDC5, PDC6, or acombination thereof.

The “genetic pathway that converts pyruvate to ethanol” comprises atleast the following genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: PDC1, PDC5, PDC6,and ADH1. Pyruvate is first converted to acetaldehyde by pyruvatedecarboxylase. Subsequently, acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol byalcohol dehydrogenase. Any defect (e.g., an insertion, deletion,mutation, or substitution in one or more pathway genes) that disruptsthe ability of the yeast strain to produce ethanol from glucose butleaves intact the ability to produce isobutanol from glucose iscontemplated to be a defect in the genetic pathway that convertspyruvate to ethanol.

The growth rate of the yeast strain of the invention is such that it canbe modulated by increasing or decreasing the amount of DHAD activitywithin the cell. For example, a yeast strain of the invention thatexpresses very low levels of a DHAD enzyme will grow poorly or not atall when grown in fermentation medium with glucose as the primary carbonsource. Thus, a “low level” of DHAD activity is defined as an amount ofDHAD enzyme activity that results in no growth or poor growth of theyeast strain of the invention. “Poor growth,” for the purposes of thepresent invention, can be considered a growth rate that is slow enoughthat a detectable difference in growth rates can be observed when DHADactivity is restored. Conversely, a yeast strain of the invention thatexpresses high levels of DHAD enzyme will grow well when grown infermentation medium with glucose as the primary carbon source. As such,a “high level” of DHAD activity is defined as an amount of DHAD enzymeactivity that results in a growth rate that is detectably improvedcompared to the same strain expressing a low level of DHAD activity. Thegrowth differential between a strain with low levels of DHAD activityand a strain with high levels of DHAD activity can be determined ordetected by methods known to a skilled artisan, such as calculatingdoubling times, determining the density of cells in culture, or simplyby visually assessing the size of individual colonies grown on solidmedia after a given amount of time.

Numerous methods can be used to modulate the expression levels of a DHADenzyme in the yeast strain of the invention and are well known toskilled artisans. These methods include, but are not limited to,expressing a DHAD enzyme under a weak promoter, expressing a DHAD enzymeon a low copy number plasmid, expressing a DHAD enzyme under aninducible promoter and varying the amount of inducing agent, optimizingcodon usage for the organism in which it is to be expressed (to increaseexpression) or adjusting codon usage to be sub-optimal for the organismin which it is to be expressed (to decrease expression).

Low copy number plasmids generally exist in a cell in less than about100 copies/cell. In certain embodiments, the low copy number plasmidexists in a cell in less than about 50, less than about 40, less thanabout 30, less than about 20, less than about 10, less than about 5, orless than about 2 copies/cell. In certain embodiments, the low copynumber plasmid exists in a cell in about one copy per cell.

In methods to screen for DHAD variants, the yeast strain of theinvention is transformed with a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acidsequence encoding a parental DHAD enzyme under conditions wherein a lowlevel of DHAD enzyme activity is achieved, and no growth or poor growthof the strain is seen in fermentation medium wherein glucose is theprimary carbon source. This transformant is used as a control strain. Alibrary of polynucleotides is prepared, each polynucleotide comprising anucleic acid sequence encoding a DHAD variant. This library of DHADvariants is transformed into the yeast strain of the invention, underthe same conditions as the control strain, and growth rates or productyield of individual isolates transformed with a variant is assessed.Variants that result in increased DHAD activity will grow more robustlyand/or produce a higher yield of product than the control strain, andcan be isolated for further analysis.

Thus, an aspect of the invention is directed to a method of screeningDHAD protein variants, comprising: (a) providing a yeast strain with adefect in a genetic pathway that converts pyruvate to ethanol, whereinthe yeast strain cannot grow or grows poorly in fermentation mediumcontaining glucose as the primary carbon source; (b) transforming theyeast strain with a library of polynucleotides, each polynucleotidecomprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a DHAD variant, wherein: (i)the nucleic acid sequence encoding the DHAD variant is operably linkedto a weak promoter; or (ii) the nucleic acid sequence encoding the DHADvariant is comprised within a low copy number plasmid; wherein the yeaststrain cannot grow or grows poorly when transformed with a controlpolynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a wild typeDHAD, operably linked to the weak promoter or transformed with a controllow copy number plasmid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding awild type DHAD; and (c) selecting transformants with improved growthcompared to growth of a strain transformed with the controlpolynucleotide. In some embodiments, the defect in the genetic pathwaythat converts pyruvate to ethanol comprises a deletion of a pyruvatedecarboxylase (PDC) gene. In other embodiments, the defect in thegenetic pathway that converts pyruvate to ethanol comprises a mutationin a PDC gene that reduces PDC activity. In certain embodiments, the PDCgene is PDC1, PDC5, PDC6, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments of the method of screening DHAD protein variants,the weak promoter is a truncated Leu2 promoter. In certain embodiments,the truncated Leu2 promoter is SEQ ID NO:545. In other embodiments ofthe method of screening DHAD protein variants, the weak promoter is atruncated FBA promoter. In certain embodiments, the truncated FBApromoter is SEQ ID NO:546. Other weak promoters are known in the art,such as the Ste5 promoter, the Ura3 promoter, and the Cycl promoter.Other promoters that are considered strong or moderate promoters intheir full-length state can be made weak by truncation or othermodifications. For the purposes of the present invention, a “weakpromoter” is defined as a promoter that results in a level of expressionof a parental DHAD enzyme in a strain of the invention that does notallow growth or allows only poor growth on fermentation medium withglucose as the primary carbon source.

In some embodiments of the method of screening DHAD protein variants,the low copy number plasmid has a copy number of one or two in yeast. Incertain embodiments, the low copy number plasmid is pRS413. Low copynumber plasmids for use in yeast include the yeast integrating plasmids(Yip) and yeast centromere plasmids (YCp), as well as the pRS series ofplasmids. pRS plasmids were first described by Sikorski, et al.(Genetics, 122:19-27, 1989) and include, but are not limited to, pRS303,pRS304, pRS305, pRS306, pRS313, pRS314, pRS315, and pRS316.

In other embodiments of the method of screening DHAD protein variants,the growth of the strain is under oxygen limiting conditions. In yetother embodiments, the yeast strain is further transformed with genesencoding acetolactate synthase, acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase,α-keto acid decarboxylase, and alcohol dehydrogenase. In certainembodiments of the method of screening DHAD protein variants, the methodfurther comprises determining the rate of isobutanol production of thetransformants.

Another aspect of the invention is directed to isolated polynucleotidescomprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a DHAD variant obtained bythe method of screening DHAD protein variants as described herein. Theinvention is also directed to isolated DHAD variant polypeptides encodedby these nucleic acid sequences.

Examples Example 1: Construction of Yeast Strain PNY2204

The purpose of this example is to describe construction of a vector toenable integration of a gene encoding acetolactate synthase into thenaturally occurring intergenic region between the PDC1 and TRX1 codingsequences in Chromosome XII. Construction of yeast strain PNY2204 isalso described, for example, in U.S. Application Publication No.2012/0237988, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Construction of Integration Vector pUC19-kan::pdc1::FBA-alsS::TRX1

The FBA-alsS-CYCt cassette was constructed by moving the 1.7 kbBbvCI/PacI fragment from pRS426::GPD::alsS::CYC (U.S. Appl. Pub. No.2007/0092957, incorporated by reference) to pRS426::FBA::ILV5::CYC (U.S.Application Publication No. 2007/0092957, incorporated by reference,previously digested with BbvCI/PacI to release the ILV5 gene). Ligationreactions were transformed into E. coli TOP10 cells and transformantswere screened by PCR using primers N98SeqF1 (SEQ ID NO:580) and N99SeqR2(SEQ ID NO:581). The FBA-alsS-CYCt cassette was isolated from the vectorusing BglII and NotI for cloning into pUC19-URA3::ilvD-TRX1 (asdescribed in U.S. Application Publication No. 2012/0156735, incorporatedherein by reference, clone “B;” herein SEQ ID NO:582) at the AflII site(Klenow fragment was used to make ends compatible for ligation).Transformants containing the alsS cassette in both orientations in thevector were obtained and confirmed by PCR using primers N98SeqF4 (SEQ IDNO:583) and N1111 (SEQ ID NO:584) for configuration “A” and N98SeqF4(SEQ ID NO:583) and N1110 (SEQ ID NO:585) for configuration “B.” Ageneticin selectable version of the “A” configuration vector was thenmade by removing the URA3 gene (1.2 kb NotI/NaeI fragment) and adding ageneticin cassette (SEQ ID NO:586 herein; previously described in U.S.Application Publication No. 2012/0156735, incorporated herein byreference) maintained in a pUC19 vector (cloned at the SmaI site). Thekan gene was isolated from pUC19 by first digesting with KpnI, removalof 3′ overhanging DNA using Klenow fragment (New England BioLabs, Inc.,Ipswich, Mass.; Cat. No. M212), digesting with HincII, and then gelpurifying the 1.8 kb gene fragment (Zymoclean™ Gel DNA Recovery Kit,Cat. No. D4001, Zymo Research, Orange, Calif.; SEQ ID NO:587). Klenowfragment was used to make all ends compatible for ligation, andtransformants were screened by PCR to select a clone with the geneticinresistance gene in the same orientation as the previous URA3 markerusing primers BK468 (SEQ ID NO:588) and N160SeqF5 (SEQ ID NO:589). Theresulting clone was called pUC19-kan::pdc1::FBA-alsS::TRX1 (clone A)(SEQ ID NO:590).

Construction of alsS Integrant Strains and Isobutanol-ProducingDerivatives

The pUC19-kan::pdc1::FBA-alsS integration vector described above waslinearized with PmeI and transformed into PNY1507 (described, forexample, in U.S. Application Publication No. 2012/0156735, incorporatedherein by reference). PmeI cuts the vector within the cloned pdc1-TRX1intergenic region and thus leads to targeted integration at thatlocation (Rothstein, Methods in Enzymology, 1991, volume 194, pp.281-301). Transformants were selected on YPE plus 50 μg/ml G418. Patchedtransformants were screened by PCR for the integration event usingprimers N160SeqF5 (SEQ ID NO:589) and oBP512 (SEQ ID NO:591). Twotransformants were tested indirectly for acetolactate synthase functionby evaluating the strains ability to make isobutanol. To do this,additional isobutanol pathway genes were supplied on E. coli-yeastshuttle vectors (pYZ090ΔalsS and pBP915, described below). One clone,strain MATa ura3Δ::loxPhis3Δpdc6Δpdc1Δ::P[PDC1]-DHAD|ilvD_Sm-PDC1t-pUC19-loxP-kanMX-loxP-P[FBA1]-ALS|alsS_Bs-CYC1t pdc5Δ::P[PDC5]-ADH|sadB_Ax-PDC5t gpd2Δ::loxPfra2Δadh1Δ::UAS(PGK1)P[FBA1]-kivD_Ll(y)-ADH1t was designated as PNY2204.The plasmid-free parent strain was designated PNY2204. The PNY2204 locus(pdc1Δ::ilvD::pUC19-kan::FBA-alsS::TRX1) is depicted in FIG. 3.

Isobutanol Pathway Plasmids (pYZ090ΔalsS and pBP915)

pYZ090 (SEQ ID NO:592) was digested with SpeI and NotI to remove most ofthe CUP1 promoter and all of the alsS coding sequence and CYCterminator. The vector was then self-ligated after treatment with Klenowfragment and transformed into E. coli Stb13 cells, selecting forampicillin resistance. Removal of the DNA region was confirmed for twoindependent clones by DNA sequencing across the ligation junction by PCRusing primer N191 (SEQ ID NO:593). The resulting plasmid was namedpYZ090ΔalsS (SEQ ID NO:594).

pBP915 was constructed from pLH468 (SEQ ID NO:595) by deleting the kivDgene and 957 base pairs of the TDH3 promoter upstream of kivD. pLH468was digested with SwaI and the large fragment (12,896 bp) was purifiedon an agarose gel followed by a Gel Extraction kit (Qiagen, Valencia,Calif.). The isolated fragment of DNA was self-ligated with T4 DNAligase and used to transform electrocompetent TOP10 E. coli (Invitrogen;Carlsbad, Calif.). Plasmids from transformants were isolated and checkedfor the proper deletion by restriction analysis with the SwaIrestriction enzyme. Isolates were also sequenced across the deletionsite with primers oBP556 (SEQ ID NO:596) and oBP561 (SEQ ID NO:597). Aclone with the proper deletion was designated pBP915 (pLH468ΔkivD) (SEQID NO:598).

Example 2: Expression of DHAD with a Weak Promoter for IsobutanolProduction in Yeast

The use of dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) enzymes, such as IlvD fromStreptococcus mutans, for isobutanol production in yeast has beenpreviously described, for example, in U.S. Application Publication No.2012/0237988, incorporated herein by reference. In this example, yeaststrain PNY2204 [MATa ura3Δ::loxP his3Δ pdc6Δpdc1Δ::P[PDC1]-DHAD|ilvD_Sm-PDC1t-pUC19-loxP-kanMX-loxP-P[FBA1]-ALS|alsS_Bs-CYC1t pdc5Δ::P[PDC5]-ADH|sadB_Ax-PDC5t gpd2Δ::loxPfra2Δ adh1Δ::UAS(PGK1)P[FBA1]-kivD_Ll(y)-ADH1t, described above] wasused as a starting point to determine the growth rate and isobutanolproduction rate of a strain with low levels of DHAD expression.

First, to create a control strain, yeast strain PNY2204 was transformedwith plasmid pHR81 Ilv5p-K9G9 containing a KARI variant (SEQ ID NO:577).Transformants were selected on SE (-Ura) plates. The resulting strainwas designated as PNY2204(K9G9). Next, plasmid pRS423 FBAp-IlvD(sm)GPMp-ADH (SEQ ID NO:578) was transformed into strain PNY2204 (K9G9) tocomplete the isobutanol pathway. On the plasmid pRS423 FBAp-IlvD(sm)GPMp-ADH, the DHAD gene is under the control of a strong FBA promoter.In addition, this plasmid also contained an additional ADH gene underthe control of the GPM promoter to ensure a high level of activity forthe downstream isobutanol pathway. Transformants were selected on agarplates with SE (-Ura -His) medium. This strain grew well on 2% glucoseand produced significant amounts of isobutanol.

To create a strain with low levels of DHAD expression, strain PNY2204(K9G9) was transformed with plasmid pRS423 Leu2p(75)-IlvD(Sm) GPMp-ADH(SEQ ID NO:579). This plasmid is identical to plasmid pRS423FBAp-IlvD(sm) GPMp-ADH, described above, however the DHAD gene is underthe control of a weak, truncated Leu2 promoter containing only 75 basepairs upstream of the ATG start site of the Leu2 coding region (SEQ IDNO:575). Transformants were selected on SE (-Ura -His) medium. Thetransformants obtained grew poorly on 2% glucose and made lessisobutanol (lower titer) as compared to the strains containing plasmidpRS423 FBAp-IlvD(sm). This result indicated that a rate-limiting stepfor DHAD activity had been established using the truncated Leu2 promoterfor expression.

Example 3: Construction and Screening of DHAD Mutant Libraries

Typically, pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) deletion strains have reducedgrowth in the presence of 2% glucose in growth medium, especially underoxygen-limiting conditions. However, the introduction of an isobutanolpathway often results in increased growth. As shown in Example 2, DHADenzyme activity is a rate-limiting step in the isobutanol pathway instrain PNY2204(K9G9) or PNY2204(K9D3). One way to overcome thisrate-limiting step is to improve the DHAD activity through mutagenesisof its gene ilvD. Better growth and increased isobutanol production canthus be used to screen for strains with higher DHAD activity.

Mutagenesis of the ilvD gene was carried out with the GeneMorph IIRandom Mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif.).Randomly mutagenized PCR product was ligated into the pRS423 Leu2p(75)vector (SEQ ID NO:579) using the restriction sites SpeI and NotI. Theligation mixture was transformed into E. coli. Transformants were spreadonto large LB plates (22 cm×23 cm) supplemented with 100 μg/ml ofampicillin. About 200,000 to 300,000 colonies were obtained per plate.Colonies were scraped from the plates, and aliquots of cell suspensionswere taken for plasmid preparation. The library of randomly mutagenizedpRS423 Leu2p(75) plasmids was transformed into PNY2204(K9G9) yeaststrain. The transformation mixture was spread onto SE (-His, -Ura)plates to obtain about 7,000 colony forming units (CFUs) per plate. Whencolonies were visible following incubation, cells were scraped off theplates into SE broth. The yeast cells were allowed to grow in serumbottles containing SD liquid medium (2% glucose, -His, -Ura). Afterthree days, 10 ml of the culture was transferred into new serum bottleswith fresh SD medium to enrich the population that can grow on 2%glucose. Three passages later, an aliquot of culture was spread ontoplates with YPDE medium (YPD with 0.1% ethanol) and were allowed to growunder anaerobic conditions to select individual colonies. Colonies thatgrew well were selected and patched onto YPDE plates. Plasmids fromthese strains were isolated with a yeast plasmid isolation kit (ZymoprepII Yeast Plasmid Mini Prep, Zymo Research, Orange, Calif.) andtransformed into E. coli for plasmid isolation. The ilvD genes on theplasmids were sequenced to determine the sites of any mutations.

As described above, strains containing a wild type DHAD enzyme fromStreptococcus mutans under the control of a truncated Leu2 promoter grewpoorly in medium containing 2% glucose. It was expected that strainsthat grew well under anaerobic conditions would contain DHAD enzymeswith mutations that result in increased activity. Sequencing of themutant plasmids obtained from the above-described screen resulted in 15DHAD variants, listed in Table 7:

TABLE 7 Streptococcus mutans DHAD Variants Amino Acid Variant NoSubstitution SEQ ID NO 1 K564E 528 2 D62E, F562V 532 3 G33D, W563R 534 4F562V 537 5 W563R 540 6 W563C 545 7 E524G, W563G 548 8 M115V, G158R,E567D 552 9 G116E, N119S 555 10 G33D 557 11 D62E 561 12 F562L 563 13H176Q, H179L, Q322R, W563R 566 14 A425S, W563R 569 15 W563G 572

Many of the variants were isolated multiple times from the screen. Inaddition to the mutations leading to the amino acid substitutions listedin Table 7, many of the isolates also contained silent mutations. DHADvariants, the number of isolates obtained of each variant, the locationsof the silent mutations in each isolate, as well as the isobutanol titerobtained from each isolate are listed in Table 8:

TABLE 8 Isolates of each Streptococcus mutans DHAD Variant NucleicSilent Acid Variant Mutation SEQ ID Isobutanol No. Substitution IsolateLocations NO (mM) 1 K564E A 527 B D257, R407 529 43.2 C G368 530 47.6 2D62E, F562V A 531 42.8 3 G33D, W563R A 533 B G218, K314, 535 46.3 G557 CG218, K314, 535 48.4 G557 D G218, K314, 535 42.4 G557 4 F562V A 536 BG199 538 5 W563R A 539 41.2 B 606 39.0 C L343 541 43.8 D G93, I155, 54243.2 D511 E G93, I155, 542 47.2 D511 F R13, V486 543 42.9 G R13, V486543 40.0 H R13, V486 543 30.7 I R13, V486 543 39.3 6 W563C A 544 B G70,D395 546 45.5 C G70, D395 546 7 E524G, W563G A 547 B L253, A397 549 38.1C A397 550 8 M115V, G158R, A 551 E567D B T49, P308 553 43.3 9 G116E,N119S A 554 38.0 10 G33D A 556 B G218 558 44.4 C G218, K314, 559 41.2G557 D G218 558 42.9 11 D62E A 560 12 F562L A 562 B P134 564 38.5 13H176Q, H179L, A 565 Q322R, W563R B Q369, V436 567 14 A425S, W563R A 568B A490 570 15 W563G A 571 B 571 C 571 Control Wild type 167 20

Common mutations were clustered around the amino acids at the 562, 563,564 positions near the C-terminus. Numerous isolates with substitutionsat Trp-563 were obtained. As shown in Table 8, these results suggestthat the mutations obtained in these amino acids improve DHAD functionand therefore, result in increased growth on 2% glucose and increasedisobutanol production. When isobutanol production was measured, thetiter in these strains doubled as compared to the strain with the wildtype DHAD under the truncated Leu2 promoter (“Control” in Table 8). Theresults obtained here successfully demonstrated the utility of ascreening method employed for identification of desirable mutations inthe DHAD enzyme.

Two isolates were obtained that had increased growth on 2% glucose andincreased isobutanol production, but did not contain an amino acidsubstitution. However, both of these isolates contained silentmutations. The nucleic acid sequence of the first of these isolates isrepresented by SEQ ID NO:573. This Streptococcus mutans ilvD isolate hasa silent mutation at proline 228 (CCG to CCA), and resulted in anisobutanol titer of 46.8 mM. The nucleic acid sequence of the second ofthese isolates is represented by SEQ ID NO:574. This Streptococcusmutans ilvD isolate has a silent mutation at glycine 93 (GGA to GGT),isoleucine 155 (ATT to ATC), and aspartic acid 511 (GAC to GAT), andresulted in an isobutanol titer of 47.0 mM.

While various embodiments of the present invention have been describedabove, it should be understood that they have been presented by way ofexample only, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilledin the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be madetherein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not belimited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but shouldbe defined only in accordance with the following claims and theirequivalents.

All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled inthe art to which this invention pertains, and are herein incorporated byreference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patentor patent application was specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated by reference.

1-136. (canceled)
 137. A recombinant host cell comprising an isolatedpolypeptide having dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) activity, whereinthe polypeptide is at least 95% identical to a Streptococcus mutans DHADand comprises one or more amino acid substitutions selected from: (a)aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 33 of SEQ ID NO:168; (b) glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 62 of SEQID NO: 168; (c) valine at a position corresponding to position 115 ofSEQ ID NO: 168; (d) glutamic acid at a position corresponding toposition 116 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (e) serine at a position correspondingto position 119 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (f) arginine at a positioncorresponding to position 158 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (g) glutamine at aposition corresponding to position 176 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (h) leucine ata position corresponding to position 179 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (i) arginineat a position corresponding to position 322 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (j)serine at a position corresponding to position 425 of SEQ ID NO: 168;(k) glycine at a position corresponding to position 524 of SEQ ID NO:168; (l) valine or leucine at a position corresponding to position 562of SEQ ID NO: 168; (m) arginine, cysteine, or glycine at a positioncorresponding to position 563 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (n) glutamic acid at aposition corresponding to position 564 of SEQ ID NO: 168; and (o)aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 567 of SEQ ID NO:168.
 138. The recombinant host cell of claim 1, wherein the polypeptidecomprises one or more amino acid substitutions selected from: (a)glycine to aspartic acid at a position corresponding to position 33 ofSEQ ID NO: 168; (b) aspartic acid to glutamic acid at a positioncorresponding to position 62 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (c) methionine to valineat a position corresponding to position 115 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (d)glycine to glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 116 ofSEQ ID NO: 168; (e) asparagine to serine at a position corresponding toposition 119 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (f) glycine to arginine at a positioncorresponding to position 158 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (g) histidine toglutamine at a position corresponding to position 176 of SEQ ID NO: 168;(h) histidine to leucine at a position corresponding to position 179 ofSEQ ID NO: 168; (i) glutamine to arginine at a position corresponding toposition 322 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (j) alanine to serine at a positioncorresponding to position 425 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (k) glutamic acid toglycine at a position corresponding to position 524 of SEQ ID NO: 168;(l) phenylalanine to valine or leucine at a position corresponding toposition 562 of SEQ ID NO: 168; (m) tryptophan to arginine, cysteine, orglycine at a position corresponding to position 563 of SEQ ID NO: 168;(n) lysine to glutamic acid at a position corresponding to position 564of SEQ ID NO: 168; and (o) glutamic acid to aspartic acid at a positioncorresponding to position 567 of SEQ ID NO:
 168. 139. The recombinanthost cell of claim 1, wherein the recombinant host cell comprises anisobutanol biosynthetic pathway.
 140. A method for the production ofisobutanol comprising providing the recombinant host cell of claim 139;culturing the recombinant host cell in a fermentation medium undersuitable conditions to produce isobutanol; and recovering theisobutanol.
 141. The method of claim 140, wherein the isobutanolbiosynthetic pathway comprises the following substrate to productconversions: (i) pyruvate to acetolactate; (ii) acetolactate to2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate; (iii) 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate toα-ketoisovalerate; (iv) α-ketoisovalerate to isobutyraldehyde; and (v)isobutyraldehyde to isobutanol.
 142. The method of claim 141, wherein(a) the substrate to product conversion of (i) is catalyzed by anacetolactate synthase; (b) the substrate to product conversion of (ii)is catalyzed by a ketol-acid reductoisomerase; (c) the substrate toproduct conversion of (iii) is catalyzed by the DHAD; (d) the substrateto product conversion of (iv) is catalyzed by an α-keto aciddecarboxylase; and (e) the substrate to product conversion of (v) iscatalyzed by an alcohol dehydrogenase.
 143. The method of claim 140,wherein the recombinant host cell is a bacterial cell or a yeast cell.144. The method of claim 143, wherein the bacterial cell is a member ofa genus of bacteria selected from Clostridium, Zymomonas, Escherichia,Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus,Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus,Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc,Oenococcus, Pediococcus, and Streptococcus.
 145. The method of claim143, wherein the yeast cell is a member of a genus of yeast selectedfrom Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces,Candida, Pichia, and Yarrowia.
 146. The method of claim 140, wherein therecovering is by distillation, liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, gasstripping, decantation, membrane evaporation, pervaporation, orcombinations thereof.
 147. The method of claim 146, wherein therecovering is by liquid-liquid extraction and the extractant is derivedfrom biomass.
 148. The method of claim 140, further comprising removingsolids from the fermentation medium.
 149. The method of claim 148,wherein the removing is by centrifugation, filtration, decantation, orcombinations thereof.
 150. The method of claim 148, wherein the removingoccurs before the recovering.
 151. The method of claim 140, wherein therecombinant host cell comprises a polypeptide comprising an amino acidsequence that is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 528, 532, 534,537, 540, 545, 548, 552, 555, 557, 561, 563, 566, 569, or
 572. 152. Themethod of claim 140, wherein the recombinant host cell further comprisesa disruption in an endogenous gene that encodes a mitochondrial DHAD.153. The method of claim 140, wherein the recombinant host cell furthercomprises a disruption in one or more endogenous genes affectingiron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis selected from FRA2, GRX3, and GRX4.154. The method of claim 140, wherein the recombinant host cell has beenfurther genetically engineered to upregulate the activity of at leastone gene selected from AFT1 and AFT2.
 155. The method of claim 140,wherein the recombinant host cell has been further genetically modifiedto disrupt a gene encoding pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC).